Applied sciences

Archives of Electrical Engineering

Content

Archives of Electrical Engineering | 2018 | vol. 67 | No 2

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Abstract

Partial discharges (PD) are influencing electrical insulating systems of high voltage electrical devices. Typically, in laboratory and diagnostics AC tests focused on measuring and analysis of PD, a pure sinusoidal voltage waveform is assumed. However, in practice the spectral content of the working voltage is rarely so ideal and additional spectral components have a significant impact on the discharge behaviour in electrical insulation systems. In this paper the influence of voltage harmonics on PD behaviour and phase-resolved PD patterns evolution is analysed. The presented experiments were conducted on a specimen representing a gaseous inclusion embedded in electrical insulation. The experimental results showed that various harmonic compositions superimposed on the fundamental sinusoidal waveform have a significant impact on PD intensity and maximum charge. In consequence, the derived patterns of PD phase, and magnitude distributions are distorted, and statistical parameters calculated on their basis are changed. In certain en- vironments, neglecting harmonic content in the testing voltage may lead to a misleading interpretation and assessment of PD severity.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marek Florkowski
Barbara Florkowska
Paweł Zydroń
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Abstract

Finding the most critical contingencies in a power system is a difficult task as multiple evaluations of load and generation scenarios are needed. This paper presents a mathematical formulation for selecting, ranking, and grouping the most critical N-1 network contingencies, based on the calculation of a Power Constraint Index (PCI) obtained from the Outage Transfer Distribution Factors (OTDF). The results show that the PCI is only affected by the impedance parameter of the transmission network, the topology, and the location of all generators. Other methods, such as the Performance Index (PI) and the Overload Index (OL) are affected by the power generation and demand variations. The proposed mathematical formulation can be useful to accelerate the calculation of other methods that evaluate contingencies in power system planning and operation. Furthermore, the fast calculation of indices makes it suitable for online evaluation and classification of multiple events considering the current topology. The results showed that the proposed al- gorithm easily selected and ranked the expected contingencies, with the highest values of the index corresponding to the most critical events. In the filtering process, the computa- tional calculation time improved without losing the robustness of the results.
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Authors and Affiliations

Oswaldo Arenas-Crespo
John E. Candelo
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Abstract

This paper proposes a new dc-side active filter for wind generators that combines 12-pulse polygon auto-transformer rectifier with dc-side current injection method and dual-buck full-bridge inverter having not the “shoot-through” problem in conventional bridge-type inverters, and therefore this system with the character low harmonic distortion and high reliability. The proposed dc-side active filter is realized by using dual-buck full bridge converter, which directly injects compensation current at dc-side of two six-pulse diode bridges rectifiers. Compared with the conventional three-phase active power filter at ac-side, the system with the dc-side active filter draws nearly sinusoidal current by shaping the diode bridges output current to be triangular without using the instantaneous reactive power compensation technology, only using simple hysteretic current control, even though under load variation and unbalanced voltage disturbances, and while an acceptable linear approximation to the accurate waveform of injection current is recommended. The perfor- mance of the system was simulated using MATLAB/Simulink, and the possibility of the dc-side active filter eliminating current harmonics was confirmed in steady and transient states. The simulation results indicate, the system has a total harmonic distortion of current reduced closely to 1%, and a high power factor on the wind generator side.
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Authors and Affiliations

Xiao-Qiang Chen
Shou-Wang Zhao
Ying Wang
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Abstract

The paper presents an identification procedure of electromagnetic parameters for an induction motor equivalent circuit including rotor deep bar effect. The presented proce- dure employs information obtained from measurement realised under the load curve test, described in the standard PN-EN 60034-28: 2013. In the article, the selected impedance frequency characteristics of the tested induction machines derived from measurement have been compared with the corresponding characteristics calculated with the use of the adopted equivalent circuit with electromagnetic parameters determined according to the presented procedure. Furthermore, the characteristics computed on the basis of the classical machine T-type equivalent circuit, whose electromagnetic parameters had been identified in line with the chosen methodologies reported in the standards PN-EN 60034-28: 2013 and IEEE Std 112TM-2004, have been included in the comparative analysis as well. Additional verification of correctness of identified electromagnetic parameters has been realised through comparison of the steady-state power factor-slip and torque-slip characteristics determined experimentally and through the machine operation simulations carried out with the use of the considered equivalent circuits. The studies concerning induction motors with two types of rotor construction – a conventional single cage rotor and a solid rotor manufactured from magnetic material – have been presented in the paper.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jarosław Rolek
Grzegorz Utrata
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Abstract

This paper presents an enhanced internal model control (EIMC) scheme for a time-delayed second order unstable process, which is subjected to exogenous disturbance and model variations. Even though the conventional internal model control (IMC) can provide an asymptotic tracking response with desired stability margins, the major limitation of conventional IMC is that it cannot be applied for an unstable system because a small exogenous disturbance can trigger the control signal to grow unbounded. Hence, modify- ing the conventional IMC structure to guarantee the internal stability, we present an EIMC scheme which can offer better trade-off between setpoint tracking and disturbance rejec- tion characteristics. To improve the load disturbance rejection characteristics and attenuate the effect of sensor noise, we solve the selection of controller gains as an H¥ optimization problem. One of the key aspects of the EIMC scheme is that the robustness of the closed loop system can be tuned via a single tuning parameter. The performance of the EIMC scheme is experimentally assessed on a magnetic levitation plant for reference tracking application. Experimental results substantiate that the EIMC scheme can effectively coun- teract the inherent time delay in the model and offer precise tracking, even in the presence of exogenous disturbance. Moreover, by comparing the trajectory tracking performance of EIMC with that of the proportional integral velocity (PIV) controller through cumulative power spectral density (CPSD) of the tracking error, we show that the EIMC can offer better low frequency servo response with minimal vibrations.
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Authors and Affiliations

Vinodh Kumar Elumalai
Raaja Ganapathy Subramanian
Joshua Sunder David Reddipogu
Soundarya Srinivasan
Shantanu Agrawal
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Abstract

A solar photovoltaic (PV) system has been emerging out as one of the greatest potential renewable energy sources and is contributing significantly in the energy sector. The PV system depends upon the solar irradiation and any changes in the incoming solar irradiation will affect badly on the output of the PV system. The solar irradiation is location specific and also the atmospheric conditions in the surroundings of the PV system contribute significantly to its performance. This paper presents the cumulative assessment of the four MPPT techniques during the partial shading conditions (PSCs) for different configurations of the PV array. The partial shading configurations like series-parallel, bridge link, total cross tied and honeycomb structure for an 8×4 PV array has been simulated to compare the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques. The MPPT techniques like perturb and observe, incremental conductance, extremum seeking control and a fuzzy logic controller were implemented for different shading patterns. The results related to the maximum power tracked, tracking efficiency of each of the MPPT techniques were presented in order to assess the best MPPT technique and the best configuration of the PV array for yielding the maximum power during the PSCs.
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Authors and Affiliations

B. Krishna Naick
K. Chatterjee
T.K. Chatterjee
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Abstract

Nowadays, the development of smart grids has been the focus of attention due to its advantages for power systems. One of the aspects of smart grids defined by using distributed generation (DG) in a low voltage network is a microgrid (MG). Based on its operational states, MG can operate in different configurations such as grid-connected mode or off-grid mode. The switching between these states is one of the challenging issues in this technical area. The fault currents in different buses have higher value compared to islanded mode of MG when the MG is connected to the main grid, which influences the protection equipment. In this situation, some electrical devices may be damaged due to the fault currents. Application of a fault current limiter (FCL) is considered as an effective way to overcome this challenge. The optimal size of these FCLs can optimize the performance of an MG. In this paper, an index for FCL size optimization has been used. In addition, two optimization algorithms (Bat Algorithm and Cuckoo Search Algorithm) have been applied to the problem. The application of an FCL has been studied in grid-connected and islanded-mode. In addition, the application of the capacitor bank in both modes has been investigated. The results of simulations carried out by MATLAB have been presented and compared.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ali Asghar Khodadoost Arani
N. Bayati
Reza Mohammadi
G.B. Gharehpetian
S.H. Sadeghi
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Abstract

This paper presents simulation and experimental results obtained with a Dead-Beat predictive current controller for a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine (PMSM) drive system. With means of combined field and circuit simulations, an efficiency map and required current in a direct- and quadrature-axis are defined. A control algorithm was implemented within an open-interface inverter from Texas Instruments. Dynamic response for both axis currents was defined and verified as well as current ripples for different set currents in the quadrature axis.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ryszard Pałka
Rafał Piotuch
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Abstract

The paper presents a phenomenon of directional change in the case of a LQR controller applied to multivariable plants with amplitude and rate constraints imposed on the control vector, as well as the impact of the latter on control performance, with the indirect observation of the windup phenomenon effect via frequency of consecutive resat- urations. The interplay of directional change of the computed control vector with control performance has been thoroughly investigated, and it is a result of the presence of con- straints imposed on the applied control vector for different ratios of the number of control inputs to plant outputs. The impact of the directional change phenomenon on the control performance (and also on the windup phenomenon) has been defined, stating that performance deterioration is not tightly coupled with preservation of direction of the computed control vector. This conjecture has been supported by numerous simulation results for different types of plants with different LQR controller parameters.
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Authors and Affiliations

Dariusz Horla
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Abstract

A novel in-phase disposition (IPD) SPWM pulse allocation strategy applied to a cascaded H-bridge (CHB) converter is presented in this paper. The reason causing the power of the CHB converter imbalance is analyzed according to the traditional structure, the conception of power imbalance degree is introduced and the principle of the novel in-phase disposition SPWM allocation strategy is deduced in detail. The new pulse allocation scheme can ensure the power balance in 3/4 cycles through interchanging the PWM pulse sequence of the different CHB cell, meanwhile it makes the full advantage of the IPD control strategy, lower the total harmonic distortion (THD) of line voltage compared to a carrier phase shifted (CPS) control strategy, which is verified by theoretical derivation. A seven-level cascaded inverter composed by three H-bridge cells is taken as the exam- ple. The simulation and experiment is performed. The results indicate the validity of the analysis and verify the effectiveness of the proposed SPWM allocation strategy.
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Authors and Affiliations

Yonggao Zhang
Jian Xiong
Lingtao Kong
Xiaochen Wang
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Abstract

Nowadays, non-integer systems are a widely researched problem. One of the questions that is of great importance, is the use of mathematical theory of a non-integer order system to the description of supercapacitors (capacitors with very high capacitance). In the description of electronic systems built on a microscale, there are models with dis- tributed parameters of fractional derivatives, which can be successfully approximated by finite-dimensional structures, e.g, in the form of various types of ladder systems (chain). In this paper, we will analyze a ladder system of an RC type consisting of supercapacitors.
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Authors and Affiliations

Waldemar Bauer
Wojciech Mitkowski
Marta Zagórowska
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Abstract

This paper presents an analytical model of a three-phase axial flux coreless generator excited by permanent magnets, with special focus on determining the model pa- rameters. An important aspect of this model is the derivation of a coefficient that corrects the flux on the inside and outside edges of the magnets. The obtained parameters are ver- ified by performing field analyses and measurements. A comparison of the results show satisfactory convergence, which confirms the accuracy of the proposed analytical model.
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Authors and Affiliations

Natalia Radwan-Pragłowska
Tomasz Węgiel
Dariusz Borkowski
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Abstract

In this paper, we propose a robust nonlinear control design concept based on a coefficient diagram method and backstepping control, combined with a nonlinear observer for the magnetic levitation system to achieve precise position control in the existence of external disturbance, parameters mismatch with considerable variations and sensor noise in the case, where the full system states are supposed to be unavailable. The observer converges exponentially and leads to good estimate as well as a good track of the steel ball position with the reference trajectory. A simulation results are provided to show the excellent performance of the designed controller.
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Authors and Affiliations

Fouad Haouari
Mohamed Seghir Boucherit
Nourdine Bali
Mohamed Tadjine
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Abstract

Most receiving antenna arrays suffer from the mutual coupling problem between antenna elements, which can critically influence the performance of the array. In this work, a novel and accurate form of compensation matrix is applied to compensate the mutual coupling in a uniform linear array (ULA). This is achieved by applying a new method based on solving a boundary value problem for the whole ULA. In this method, both self and mutual impedances are exploited in an accurate characterization of mutual impedance matrix which results in a perfect mutual coupling compensation method, and hence a very accurate direction of arrival (DOA) estimation. In the new scheme, the compensation ma- trix is obtained by using the relationship between measured voltage and theoretical coupled voltage based on the MOM. Numerical results show that using DOA estimation algorithms to the decoupled voltage obtained by using this method leads to an excellent performance of DOA estimation with higher accuracy and resolution.
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Authors and Affiliations

Naser Parhizgar
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Abstract

Maximum Torque Control (MTC) is a new method applied for control of induction motor drives. The drive is controlled by dc voltage supplying a converter in the range below nominal speed and by a field that weakens for a speed range above the nominal speed. As a consequence, the control is quite similar to the control of a classical separately excited dc motor. This control method could be explained as a kind of sim- plification of Direct Torque Control (DTC), because the switching scheme is the same as for the DTC, but the variable responsible for a torque control is constantly set for “torque increase”. This kind of control of induction motor drive is simpler than DTC because torque values need not be estimated. The proposed control method offers very good performance for 3-phase induction motors and requires smaller switching frequency in comparison to DTC and Field Oriented Control (FOC). The application of the con- trol is widely demonstrated for a 3-phase 315 kW, 6 kV motor drive by use of computer simulation.
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Authors and Affiliations

Piotr Wach
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Abstract

This paper deals with real-time (RT) simulators applied in power electronic applications and implemented in a real inverter. The process of preparing and starting up an active rectifier prototype (with an active filter function), using the real-time OPAL RT simulator is given. The control system of the converter and the results of simulation using the Matlab/Simulink suite are discussed.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marcin Baszyński
Marcin Szlosek

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ARCHIVES OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING (AEE) (previously Archiwum Elektrotechniki), quarterly journal of the Polish Academy of Sciences is OpenAccess, publishing original scientific articles and short communiques from all branches of Electrical Power Engineering exclusively in English. The main fields of interest are related to the theory & engineering of the components of an electrical power system: switching devices, arresters, reactors, conductors, etc. together with basic questions of their insulation, ampacity, switching capability etc.; electrical machines and transformers; modelling & calculation of circuits; electrical & magnetic fields problems; electromagnetic compatibility; control problems; power electronics; electrical power engineering; nondestructive testing & nondestructive evaluation.

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[2] Idziak P., Computer Investigation of Diagnostic Signals in Dynamic Torque of Damaged Induction Motor, Electrical Review (in Polish), to be published.

[3] Cardwell W., Finite element analysis of transient electromagnetic-thermal phenomena in a squirrel cage motor, submitted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Magnetics.

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