@ARTICLE{Papliński_P._Comparative_2020,
 author={Papliński, P. and Wańkowicz, J. and Śmietanka, H. and Ranachowski, P. and Ranachowski, Z. and Kudela Jr, S. and Aleksiejuk, M.},
 volume={vol. 65},
 number={No 1},
 journal={Archives of Metallurgy and Materials},
 pages={367-374},
 howpublished={online},
 year={2020},
 publisher={Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science of Polish Academy of Sciences},
 publisher={Committee of Materials Engineering and Metallurgy of Polish Academy of Sciences},
 abstract={The paper presents results of investigation of microstructure and micro-hardness for material of ZnO varistors applied to 110 kV surge arrester and surge arrester counter. The research combined two pairs of varistors, each consisted of one varistor subjected before to operation, while the other one was brand new unit and constituted a reference. All varistors were made of the same material by the reputable manufacture. The tests revealed a different degree of the material degradation for varistors subjected before to operation. This also refers to different degradation mechanism observed for the material of these varistors, if typical effects of degradation of aged ZnO varistors were considered as a reference. Physical state of spinel in the microstructure had a significant impact on the material degradation, however a considerable loosening of the microstructure associated with bismuth oxide was observed too. It was surprising, since the precipitates of the bismuth oxide phase most often showed very good binding to the ZnO matrix and high resistance to associated electrical, thermal and mechanical effects. The degradation effects in the ZnO matrix proved to be limited only.},
 type={Article},
 title={Comparative Studies on Degradation of Varistors Subjected to Operation in Surge Arresters and Surge Arrester Counters},
 URL={http://journals.pan.pl/Content/115070/PDF/AMM-2020-1-46-Ranachowski.pdf},
 doi={10.24425/amm.2020.131739},
 keywords={surge arrester, surge arrester counter, MO varistors, microstructure of ceramics, ceramic material degradation},
}