@ARTICLE{Matejczyk_Marzena_Evaluation_2020, author={Matejczyk, Marzena and Ofman, Piotr and Dąbrowska, Katarzyna and Świsłocka, Renata and Lewandowski, Włodzimierz}, volume={vol. 46}, number={No 4}, pages={10-22}, journal={Archives of Environmental Protection}, howpublished={online}, year={2020}, publisher={Polish Academy of Sciences}, abstract={In environmental matrices there are mixtures of parent drug and its metabolites. The majority of research is focused on the biological activity and toxic effect of diclofenac (DCF), there is little research on the biological activity of DCF metabolites and their mixtures. The study focused on the assessment of the biological impact of DCF, its metabolites 4’-hydroxydiclofenac (4’-OHDCF) and 5-hydroxydiclofenac (5-OHDCF) and their mixtures on E. coli strains. The biological effects of tested chemicals were evaluated using the following: E. coli K-12 cells viability assay, the inhibition of bacteria culture growth, ROS (reactive oxygene species) generation and glutathione (GSH) content estimation. Moreover, we examined the influence of the mixture of DCF with caffeic acid (CA) on E. coli cells viability. Our results showed the strongest impact of the mixtures of DCF with 4’-OHDCF and 5-OHDCF on E. coli SM biosensor strains in comparison to parent chemicals. Similar results were obtained in viability test, where we noticed the highest reduction in E. coli cell viability after bacteria incubation with the mixtures of DCF with 4’-OHDCF and 5-OHDCF. Similarly, these mixtures strongly inhibited the growth of E. coli culture. We also found synergistic effect of caffeic acid in combination with DCF on E. coli cells viability. After bacteria treatment with the mixture of DCF and its metabolites we also noted the strongest amount of ROS generation and GSH depletion in E. coli culture. It suggests that oxidative stress is the most important mechanism underlying the activity of DCF and its metabolites.}, type={Article}, title={Evaluation of the biological impact of the mixtures of diclofenac with its biodegradation metabolites 4’-hydroxydiclofenac and 5-hydroxydiclofenac on Escherichia coli. DCF synergistic effect with caffeic acid}, URL={http://journals.pan.pl/Content/118690/PDF/Archives%20vol%2046%20no%204pp10-22.pdf}, doi={10.24425/aep.2020.135760}, keywords={diclofenac, biodegradation, metabolites, wastewaters, microbial biosensors}, }