Humanities and Social Sciences

Prawo Morskie

Content

Prawo Morskie | 2009 | No XXV

Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

This article discusses different types of maritime arbitration. In the introduction, the author distinguishes between ad hoc arbitration and permanent courts of maritime arbitration. The author draws attention to the fact that not every institutionalization of arbitration means that we are dealing with a permanent court of conciliation. In addition, the role of maritime courts of conciliation is changing because inter alia an increasing amount of business arbitration is dealt with via proceedings in maritime cases. Next the article discusses the structure and procedural principles of many examples of maritime arbitration. The author divides these into the following: the Anglo-Saxon group (London and new York arbitrations); the European group (The Maritime Chamber of Arbitration in Paris, the ICC/CMI Arbitration regulations, The German Court of Arbitration, The Dutch Court of Arbitration, The Russian Maritime Arbitration Commission); and the Eastern group (examples of arbitration in China, Japan, Singapore, and India). One of the author's conclusions is the necessity of referring to the subject of maritime arbitration in the new Polish Maritime Codex which is being prepared by the Maritime Law Codification Commission.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Mirosław H. Koziński
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

A dearth of properly formulated legal definitions undermines the clarity of the law, but so do other legislative practices. Such is the case with maritime legislation too. Most evident in the understanding and definition of vessel and ship owner, this lack of clear formulation is the subject o f the article.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Zbigniew Godecki
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

Punitive damages is a quasi-punishment that aims at prevention. It is not known under European law. They are awarded in exceptional circumstances. Its purpose is to punish the perpetrator of an insidious and intentional illegal action. The author describes the story of the tanker Exxon Valdez, which struck rocks off the coast of Alaska on 23 March 1989. The captain Joseph Hazelwood was under the influence of alcohol at the time of the accident. Because of the resultant pollution thousands offishermen applied for compensation, as did the owners of businesses connected with the maritime environment and of shoreline real estate. Exxon Shipping reached many settlements with plaintiffs, but thirtytwo thousand fishermen and owners of shoreline property rejected settlements, and sued Exxon demanding indemnity and the imposition of punitive damages. On 16 September 1994 a jury imposed punitive damages to the sum five thousand million dollars along with an indemnity of 507.5 million dollars. On appeal the quasi punishment was reduced to 4.5 thousand million dollars. The Appeal Court fixed punitive damages at 2.5 thousand million dollars. Both sides appealed to the US Supreme Court. The Supreme Court considered whether the punitive damages imposed on Exxon were consistent with the principles of maritime law. On 25 June 2008 it finally determined that in cases similar to that of Exxon Shipping the relation of punitive damages to indemnity should be 1:1, and reduced 2.5 thousand million dollars to 507.5 million dollars, which was the indemnity awarded to the plaintiffs.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Zuzanna Pepłowska
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

This essay, for the first time in Polish scholarly literature, discusses in detail the situation of the “Loader” under the Rotterdam Rules - a convention accepted by the General Assembly of the UN on 11 September 2008, and ready for signature on 23 September 2009. The General Assembly of the UN recommended that by virtue of the place where the convention on contracts for the international carriage of goods wholly or partly by sea is to be signed\ the convention should be called the Rotterdam Rules. According to the Polish Maritime Codex, a Loader is a person who by performing the duty of a freighter supplies a transporter with a load for carriage. The Rotterdam Rules assume that a loader is a person who has entered into a contract for carriage with a transporter. The Rotterdam Rules stipulate that the loader is liable, without limitation, for loss or damage incurred by the transporter, if the transporter can prove that the loss or damage is the result of a breach, on the part of the loader, of the duties that pertain to him as a result o f the Convention.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Iwona Zużewicz-Wiewiórowska
ORCID: ORCID
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

Artykuł poświęcony jest zjawisku porzucania marynarzy przez ich pracodawców morskich. Kwestia ta od kilku lat jest przedmiotem zainteresowania dwóch organizacji międzynarodowych: Międzynarodowej Organizacji Pracy (ILO) i Międzynarodowej Organizacji Morskiej (IMO). Wydały one w tej materii wspólne wytyczne - ponieważ nie mają one jednak charakteru wiążącego, armatorzy nadal naruszają prawa marynarzy. Spektakularnym przykładem takiego naruszenia jest przedstawiona w artykule sprawa statku “Olga J ”. Przypadek ten jest charakterystyczny dla współczesnej żeglugi, gdyż statek był własnością spółki zarejestrowanej w Belize, czarterowany był przez armatora cypryjskiego, a podnosił banderę Hondurasu. Załoga międzynarodowa: kapitan Grek, marynarze z Ghany, Wysp Zielonego Przylądka i Senegalu. Statek zatrzymany w bułgarskim porcie Burgas, początkowo przez PSC, następnie aresztowany przez władze bułgarskie. Kapitan porzucił załogę, zostawiając ją bez środków do życia, doszło do incydentów z władzami bułgarskimi. Członkowie załogi przez kilka lat starali się o pomoc w różnych organizacjach, w tym w związkach zawodowych. Wreszcie próbowali wykorzystać przepisy o ochronie praw człowieka. Autor przedstawia reperkusje prawne z tym związane.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Patrick Chaumette
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The Consolidated Convention of the ILO on work at sea was accepted on 23 February 2006, during the Ninety-Fourth session o f the International Labor Conference of the ILO in Geneva. The whole session was dominated by the problems of the maritime sector and conditions of work at sea. Work had been begun in 2001 on the consolidation of the Convention and recommendations connected with this sector. The author discusses the Thirty-fifth Convention of the ILO, but the Maritime Labor Convention “absorbs up to 87 ILO acts. ” It is intended that the MLC be a modern legal instrument that will attain the status of a General Maritime Legal Labor Codex, bringing together all conventions and recommendations accepted since 1919. The incorporation o f the MLC o f2006 into the EU legal system and those of its member states will take place in stages. The EU wishes to identify itself with the MLC’s provisions. Swift ratification - in the opinion of the European Commission - would indicate the EU’s leading position in the international arena, and this would encourage other members o f the ILO to ratify the Convention. The principal aim o f the MLC o f2006 is to achieve and maintain homogeneous labor conditions in the maritime sector, and also to ensure the fairest possible conditions for competition.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Monika Tomaszewska
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The UN Convention on the Law of the sea (10 December 1982) contains provisions that create the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea. In the twentieth century the conviction has grown in the international community that conflicts should not only be solved by diplomacy, but also by arbitration and international adjudication, which would both issue judgments and offer expert opinion. The majority of EU states chose the International tribunal for the Law of the sea as the first international organ foreseen in Article 287 of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. Up to now, the Tribunal has considered 15 cases, 12 of which were connected with fisheries. The Tribunal has demonstrated that its procedures are speedy, transparent, and effective. The author of the article mentions all cases pending before the Tribunal in Hamburg from 1997 to 2008. All court costs are covered from the Tribunal's budget. The UN General Assembly in its annual resolutions referring to assessment of the Tribunal’s work underlines “the important role and the authority of the Tribunal in interpreting and implementing the Convention. ” As legal matters now stand, the International Tribunal for the law of the sea can consider any case brought by any state, including, therefore, piracy. It can do this not only on the basis of the UN Convention of 10 December 1982, but also on that o f all other international treaties that give it relevant jurisdiction.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Stanisław Pawlak
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The demarcation of ocean areas requires a consideration of a whole range of legal provisions. But there also exist many aspects of an extra-legal nature which have a substantive effect on the ultimate course of ocean borders. Demarcation has not lost its contemporary importance either from a legal or from a political point of view - for example, in the case of the Snake Island dispute between Ukraine and Romania, the dispute over the Spratly and Paracel islands, and the dispute between Japan and Russia about the Kuril Islands. The author of the article predicts that in the immediate future we must count on a growth in the importance of the demarcation issue. She is a proponent of the most commonly applied method in international law o f settling disputes of this kind - that is the principle o f equidistance. In accordance with the UN Convention (10 December 1982), she thinks that when one is dividing up the territory o f a shelf area or of economic zones, it is vital to come to an appropriate solution o f the dispute.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Barbara Janusz-Pawletta
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

This article has taken on contemporary relevance because of the acts of piracy off the coast of Somalia. The UN, NATO, the EU, and the IMO (International Maritime Organization) are addressing the issue of piracy. The African Union is also involved in security operations in Somalia. The author discusses the decisions of the Rome Convention (1986) on combating illegal actions taken against security at sea. It is also worth examining the legal rules accepted by ASEAN with the aim of combating maritime piracy in north-east Asian waters, especially in the Malacca Straits. These, however, do not remove the sources of piracy - poverty, the weakness of state organs, corruption, and the black market. The international community, mainly within the UN, should adopt legislation that will avoid and more effectively combat maritime piracy.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Leonard Łukaszuk
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

Gazociąg północny (Nord Stream) od momentu ujawnienia projektu międzynarodowej opinii publicznej stał się najgłośniejszą i najbardziej kontrowersyjną inwestycją w Europie w ostatnich latach. Projekt zakłada budowę rurociągu z Federacji Rosyjskiej do Niemiec na międzynarodowych wodach wyłącznych stref ekonomicznych, w których obrębie prawo morza zapewnia wolności komunikacyjne, włącznie z układaniem tego typu instalacji. Wybór przez konsorcjum Nord Stream jednej z najdłuższych możliwych tras gazociągu, którego budowa jest znacznie droższa niż budowa na lądzie, świadczy o podjęciu decyzji na podstawie przesłanek politycznych, a nie ekonomicznych. Doprowadziło to do niespotykanego od dawna podziału politycznego w regionie na państwa, które potencjalnie odniosą korzyści z inwestycji, i na państwa, w których interesy ta inwestycja godzi. W związku z tym planem pojawiły się problemy związane z zasięgiem jurysdykcji krajowej na morzu, a nawet delimitacją obszarów morskich (spór polsko-duński). Jedną z istotnych z tego punktu widzenia kwestii jest istnienie w Zatoce Fińskiej pasa wód międzynarodowych - „ korytarza morza pełnego ”, którego likwidacja poprzez rozszerzenie morza terytorialnego i ustanowienie granicy fmsko-estońskiej mogłoby uniemożliwić realizację projektu. Bardzo ważną rolę odgrywa tu także aspekt ekologiczny związany z budową i użytkowaniem gazociągu oraz z oceną oddziaływania inwestycji na środowisko, ze szczególnym zwróceniem uwagi na zagrożenie uwolnienia zalegających dno Morza Bałtyckiego bojowych środków trujących z czasów drugiej wojny światowej. W publikacji podkreślono przede wszystkim wybrane prawne i polityczne możliwości oddziaływania przez Polskę na inwestycję, a poza tym zasygnalizowano znaczenie działań wewnątrz Unii Europejskiej oraz słabe strony polskiej administracji rządowej w kontekście planów rosyjsko- niemieckich. Po przedstawieniu założeń projektu w artykule zwrócono uwagę kolejno na zagadnienia ekologiczne związane z budową gazociągu, problem korytarza morza pełnego i gazociągu oraz związek między projektem a delimitacją polskiej i duńskiej wyłącznej strefy ekonomicznej w rejonie Bornholmu.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Dariusz Rafał Bugajski
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The San Remo Manual is not a legal document. It was prepared by a group of experts in the area of naval conflict who took part in a series of round-table meetings between 1988 and 1994. The San Remo Manual is the modern equivalent of the Oxford Manual of the Laws of Naval War (1913) which regulated the relations between hostile forces. The San Remo Manual takes account of international practice, technological development, the content of the UN Charter, the Convention on the Law of the sea (1982), law relating to air traffic, and environmental law. The author of the article discusses the content of the Convention on the law of the Sea from 1982 in relation to the formulations in the San Remo Manual. Since 1995, the San Remo Manual has been obligatory material for training and instruction in the navies of NATO states. It has not yet been translated into Polish.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Andrzej Makowski
ORCID: ORCID
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

At both state and federal level in the USA there exist various instruments to protect the maritime environment. The general conception of protection is to base it on the construction of a protected area. In 2006, there existed at least 500 areas under protection. These were created by more than 100 federal and state administrative offices. The development of environmental protection law is moving in the direction of an appropriate management of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic Oceans. In US legal doctrine it is stressed that US jurisdiction extends up to 200 nautical miles from the US shoreline. Coastal states have a right to regulate the legal status of the first three nautical miles of the oceans that touch their coasts. The doctrine of public trust is derived from common law. Its essence is the recognition that certain natural resources - the waters and bottom of coastal seas and large lakes - are of considerable importance for society as a whole. They cannot be given into private hands and controlled by private owners. The concept of protected maritime areas first emerged during the meetings of the World Congress of National Parks in 1962. Protected maritime areas on a federal level take various forms: maritime national reserves, national parks, national areas for wild life refuge, national natural monuments, areas o f fishery management, and threatened habitats. The author of the article discusses the legal acts of Presidents Clinton and Bush relating to maritime protected areas. The establishment of such areas is consistent with tendencies observable in the UN.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Dorota Pyć
ORCID: ORCID
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The UN Convention on the Law of the sea (1982) establishes that the bottom (and what lies beneath it) of seas and oceans which are outside the state jurisdiction known as territorial waters, and its resources belong to all humanity. The Convention distinguishes three consecutive phases o f activities that are focused on resources that lie within coastal territorial waters: a. search; b. exploration; c. exploitation. Access to reserved lots is restricted. Developing states were granted 15 years precedence over other investors. A company was granted 15 years to decide if it wished to start activities on that lot. The contracting party is also obliged to offer a company participation in the activities on reserved lots as partners in a joint venture. This is connected with the sharing among partners of extraction rights (rights to minerals extractedfrom territorial waters). Cooperation within the framework of a joint venture with an investor, professionally prepared to conduct activities in territorial water, especially well allows a business to use the partner’s knowledge, technology and experience in deep-sea mining. The author considers that developed states will dominate in the beginning phase offuture exploration and exploitation of coastal territorial waters.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Robert Tarnacki
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The obligation to make the initial sale of fish by public auction is being introduced in Poland. However, selling fish by auction does not itself guarantee that limits on fishing are observed. Fish auctions operate on a “non-profit” basis. However, there is still an increase in the price o f fish sold by virtue of the fee taken to cover the cost of the auction. There is no doubt, however, that fish auctions free fishermen from activities connected with preparing fish for sale, with finding a buyer, and even with finding insurance to cover payment for goods supplied. The author of the article considers that trade in fish by means of auctions should be voluntary. The fishing system in the EU is based on observation, documentation and the inspection of vessels.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Piotr Piątak

Instructions for authors

Prawo Morskie (Maritime Law) - Guidelines for authors of scientific texts

1. All scientific texts, including (but not limited to) research articles and judicial commentaries (glossa), must include distinct introduction and conclusion sections.

2. The title should be followed by the abstract and keywords. For texts that are not in English, the bibliography should be followed by the title of the text in English, the English keywords and an English abstract at the end.

3. Sources cited in the bibliography should be grouped by type: scholarly literature, legal acts, list of case law, Internet sources.

4. Text volume: min. 20,000 characters, max. 40,000 characters.

5. Page settings: standard margins in MS Word – top, bottom, right and left margins of 2.5 cm.

6. Main text: Times New Roman 12 pt. font, 1.5-line spacing, double-sided alignment. Eliminate any double spaces, commas, and periods, any multiple carriage returns, manually entered new lines, manually entered hyphenations, etc.

7. Paragraphs should begin in the same way in all articles.

8. Spacing between words: always a single space.

9. For the article title and sub-titles on all levels: the font size and type, positioning within the column of text, method of highlighting, numbering (if any), paragraph spacing above and below should be uniform across all articles in accordance with the journal/publication template. In collective works, subtitles of each level should be marked uniformly in all articles by the scientific editor submitting files for typesetting and breaking.

10. Keywords: the placement and form of the keywords in each article should comply with the journal/publication template.

11. Footnotes should be unified and inserted automatically using the MS Word function: "References" → "Insert footnote", without additional space. Please use automatic footnote numbering with superscript Arabic numerals. An exception to this rule is the asterisk (the “*” sign), which can be used in the case of information about the author of an article, in a collective work, or to distinguish between textual (source) and authorial footnotes in edited editions of historical documents.

12. In footnotes referring to sources previously cited, use the Latin abbreviations (op. cit., idem, ibidem, etc.).

13. In the file submitted, all places that will ultimately contain hyperlinks should be so marked – in particular, all ORCID numbers, DOI addresses, and E-MAIL addresses should be properly linked.

14. No space should precede the following characters: period, comma, semicolon, colon, closing parenthesis, closing quotation marks, footnote reference, percent sign, degrees sign.

15. No space should follow the following characters: opening parenthesis, opening quotation marks. In abbreviations such as: p. (page), vol. (volume), etc., there should always be a space after the period.

16. Slashes should not be used with the function of parentheses.

17. Texts in English should use “curly English quotation marks”. Texts in other languages should use the appropriate quotation marks for the language, e.g. Polish texts should use „Polish quotation marks”, French texts should use « French quotation marks », German texts should use „German quotation marks“ etc.

18. For English texts, please use “double curly quotation marks” as the first level, and ‘single curly quotation marks’ for quotations inside quotations. In Polish texts, please use: „these quotation marks” as the first level, followed by «these quotation marks» for quotations inside quotations, and lastly ‘these quotation marks’ for third-level embedded quotations.

19. Do not use a prime character (`) in place of an apostrophe (’).

20. For foreign-language text, please use the correct characters with diacritical marks (e.g. à, á, â, ã, ä).

21. In Polish texts, single-letter words such as a, w, or i that fall at the end of the line do not need to be manually moved to the next line of text – the professional typesetting software will determine their location in the typeset text.

22. Please use highlighting consistently throughout the work. Ordinary highlighting (e.g. the use of italics or underlining) does not require special character styles to be defined.

23. Dates should be written in a standardized form throughout a given work (e.g., 10.03.2021).

24. Numerical expressions indicating a range or approximate magnitude should be consistently separated by a dash throughout the publication (e.g., 1914-1918, 18th-19th century, pp. 5-8, 5-8 percent).

25. Neither a hyphen (-) or n-dash (–) should be used in place of the minus sign (−).

26. The bibliography should be standardized throughout the work according to the article/publication template.

27. Affiliations of individual article authors: standardized and placed in the source file according to the publication template standardized for all authors.


Additional materials attached to the transmitted text

1. All tables, figures, charts, graphs, diagrams, or illustrations should be placed in their intended position within the text, or submitted as a separate file together with a detailed description: article number, table/drawing number, etc., i.e.:
• drawings, charts, diagrams – should be drawn up and submitted as electronic source files in formats from MS Windows environment software (e.g. Word, Excel, Corel 11, Photoshop, etc.), as printouts, or as original drawings of good quality,
• photos – should be submitted as original photographs, digital camera files with the highest possible resolution (tif, jpg), or scans with a minimum resolution of 300 dpi,
• tables – should be placed in the text or a separate document (if there are many), do not use embellishments, background colors.

2. All supplementary materials should be accompanied by descriptions regarding their positioning within the column of text and base size, plus any framing guidelines, captions, titles, numbers. Figures and tables should be placed in the main text, close to the place where they are referenced, or on separate pages in numbered order, while indicating in the text the approximate location where they should appear. Please remember to make drawings according to the following guidelines:
• they must be legible and clear,
• their descriptions should be standardized and adapted to their size,
• drawings should not have a border or a shaded gray background,
• on graphs, drawings and diagrams, textual description should be simplified to the necessary minimum,
• all explanations should be placed in the caption, or in the legend under the figure,
• if possible, drawings, charts, and diagrams should be submitted in the original version as source files,
• all graphics supplied in raster formats (.jpg, .tif, .png) should be sized to achieve a base resolution of 300 dpi, as files with lower resolution will prevent proper printing.

3. Across all articles, a uniform separation of text and descriptions, uniform numbering of drawings, formulas and tables, and a uniform scale of drawings should be maintained.

Template of the article intended for publication in Prawo Morskie (Maritime Law)

Publication Ethics Policy

Principles of publication ethics

The editors of Prawo Morskie (Maritime Law) strictly adhere to the principles of responsibility and ethics recommended by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) for all parties involved in the publication process and take all possible measures against any abuse.


1. Responsibilities of the editorial staff

1.1 Principle of impartiality and fairness. Submitted scientific texts are evaluated on the basis of content only, without regard to race, gender, sexual orientation, religious beliefs, citizenship or political ideology.

1.2 Publication decisions. The Editor-in-Chief is responsible for deciding which of the submitted articles should be published. The decision to accept or reject a scientific text for publication is made by the Editor-in-Chief based on reviews assessing its content, originality, novelty, clarity and relevance to the scope of the journal. In making decisions, the Editor-in-Chief may consult the Scientific Council. The Editor-in-Chief is obliged to comply with applicable laws on defamation, copyright infringement and plagiarism, and to bear full responsibility for decisions regarding the publication of scientific texts.

1.3 Principle of confidentiality. The Editor-in-Chief and the Scientific Council must ensure that all materials submitted for publication remain confidential at the review stage. They must not disclose any information about the submitted manuscript to anyone other than the authors, reviewers, potential reviewers, other editorial advisors (e.g., translators), and the publisher.

1.4 Disclosure and conflict of interest. Unpublished articles, excerpts from articles, or materials contained therein may not be used by the editorial staff for their own research without written permission from the authors.

1.5 Maintaining the integrity of the scientific output. The editorial staff will guard the integrity of the published academic output, by issuing corrections, additions and references as necessary. At the same time, the editors will make every effort to detect any inappropriate research or publications. Plagiarism and works based on false data are unacceptable. The Editor-in-Chief should take appropriate action when there are ethical objections with respect to a submitted paper or published article. In justified cases, the editorial staff may publish corrections, clarifications, appeals and apologies.

1.6 Withdrawal of published articles. The Editor-in-Chief of the journal will consider retracting a published scientific text: if there is evidence indicating that the research results presented in it are untrustworthy, if it has been previously published elsewhere without proper reference, permission or justification (cases of redundant publication), if the work constitutes an act of plagiarism or is based on unethical research. The published retraction notice should be linked to the retracted scientific text (naming the title and authors in the title of the retraction), clearly identify the text being retracted, and indicate who is retracting it. Retraction notices should always include a justification for the retraction, stating the reason, in order to distinguish an unintentional error from misconduct. Retracted scientific texts will not be removed from printed copies of the journal or from electronic archives, but their retracted status will be indicated as clearly as possible.


2. Responsibilities of authors

2.1 Standards for publishing research results. Authors of articles presenting the results of original research should provide an accurate description of the work that was performed and an objective discussion of its significance. Baseline data should be accurately presented in the article. The article should provide enough details and references to allow others to verify the claims made. Any fabrication or presentation of false or inaccurate research results constitutes unethical behavior and will result in the rejection of the manuscript or the retraction of the published article.

2.2 Originality and plagiarism. Authors should ensure that they have written fully original papers, and if they have made any use of the work and/or words of others, this must be clearly marked with a citation. Plagiarism is not acceptable.

2.3 Multiple or simultaneous publications. Authors should not publish a manuscript describing the same research in more than one journal. However, in exceptional and justified cases, the editorial staff of Prawo Morskie (Maritime Law) will consider publishing a text that has already been published previous, provided that it was addressed to a different audience and in a different language.

2.4 Authorship. Works published in Prawo Morskie (Maritime Law) must be published under the names of individuals who are indeed their authors and responsible for their content. Any persons whose participation in the creation of the submitted work is negligible (for example, limited to the provision of research materials) may be mentioned in the acknowledgments, but must not be listed among the authors. In case of doubt, the editorial staff may for further clarification regarding the individual contributions to the creation of the paper made by the individual persons listed as authors. The authors should also disclose, in a footnote or in the acknowledgments, information about individuals and institutions that contributed to the work through substantive, material or financial contributions. The corresponding author submitting a paper for publication should make sure that only the relevant co-authors are listed in the paper and that they have all seen and approved the final version of the paper and agreed to submit it for publication. Cases of scientific dishonesty will be documented and disclosed.

2.5 Attribution of sources. Authors should take care to properly label the results of other researchers’ work. In view of this, they should cite any and all publications from which they drew information or ideas when writing their own scientific text.

2.6 Significant errors in published works. When an author discovers a significant error or inaccuracy in his own published work, it is his duty to immediately notify the editor or publisher of the journal and cooperate with the editor to retract or correct the text.


3. Responsibilities of reviewers

3.1 Contribution to editorial decisions. Scientific reviews assist the editorial staff in making editorial decisions and provide assistance to authors in improving their scientific texts.

3.2 Timeliness. Any reviewer who feels incompetent to review a paper submitted to him, or who knows that timely completion of the review will be impossible, should notify the editor thereof and withdraw from the review process.

3.3 Confidentiality. Each entire manuscript received for review is treated as a confidential document. It must not be shown to or discussed with anyone except the individuals so authorized by the Editor-in-Chief.

3.4 Objectivity standards. Reviews should be conducted objectively. Personal criticism targeted against the author(s) themselves is inappropriate. Reviewers should express their views clearly, by means of appropriate factual arguments.

3.5 Acknowledgment of sources. Any significant similarity between the reviewed work and any other published article or any duplication should be reported to the editor. Reviewers should identify any relevant published works that have not been duly cited by the authors.

3.6 Disclosure and conflict of interest. Information or ideas obtained through the review process must be treated as confidential and may not be used by the reviewer for personal gain. Reviewers should not undertake the evaluation of manuscripts which involve conflicts of interest arising from their own collaboration or other relationships with any author, private entities or institutions involved in the development of the scientific text. Authors have the right to address reviewer criticisms.

Peer-review Procedure

Review procedure:

1. All scientific texts, including research articles and judicial commentaries (glossa), submitted to the editors of Prawo Morskie (Maritime Law) are subject to a double-blind peer-review procedure.

2. Each scientific text is evaluated by independent experts in the relevant specialty.

3. The editors will make every effort to select reviewers who have no professional or private relationship with any author of the text under review.

4. Reviewers are required to provide an objective assessment of the submitted scientific text.

5. Reviewers are obliged to disclose any and all discovered irregularities, in particular any kind of plagiarism or self-plagiarism.

6. The review must be submitted in writing and must include a clear evaluation of the submitted scientific text.

7. Reviewers are asked to evaluate whether a scientific text is eligible for publication. This evaluation is made based on the following criteria:
- novelty of the topic addressed;
- consideration of the most recent literature on the subject; the use of appropriate methodology;
- and the text’s impact on the current state of research in the field of maritime law, the law of the sea, marine environmental law, or sustainable development and the socioeconomic environment.

8. Scientific texts referred for review are treated as confidential materials.

9. The identity of reviewers remains anonymous throughout the procedure.

10. The authors are obliged to participate in the review process, in particular to accommodate or respond to the suggested corrections, and to remedy any and all error brought to light.

11. In each printed volume of Prawo Morskie (Maritime Law) and on the website, the editors will publish a list of reviewers who collaborated with the journal in connection with a given volume.

Plagiarism Policy

The journal Prawo Morskie (Maritime Law) strictly adheres to the principles of scientific transparency and integrity.

We therefore will accept no forms of plagiarism, ghostwriting, or honorary authorship. In order to prevent such practices, relevant provisions have been included into the agreements signed with authors.

This page uses 'cookies'. Learn more