The introduction of increasingly strict rules related to the processing and storage of animal waste, the growing demand for energy and the creation of sustainable animal husbandry have led to an increased interest in the production of clean energy from animal waste. The production of biogas and its subsequent burning on the farm is among the most promising technologies. One of the possibilities for the utilization of biogas is through the use of small aggregates for the combined production of electricity and heat energy based on an internal combustion engine. Analysis of such facilities that have been put into operation show that alternative technologies using biogas as fuel are better than conventional options, both from an economic and an environmental point of view. In this sense, however, the introduction of such a technology into operation is always associated with a number of risks, since investments in new technologies are influenced by technical and economic uncertainty. When planning and preparing the plan for the construction of such a biogas facility, the investment costs, technical support and profitability of the project are essential. Introducing critical economic and technical parameters to inform the farmer of all possible investments, operational and unforeseen risks will allow him to accept the challenges and choose the best solution for his farm. In this publication, an analysis and assessment of the risk has been carried out based on the characteristics of the technology – the possible consequences of the risk are also presented. A risk matrix related to the specifics of the object and the technology is proposed, with the help of which, the type of risk is identified. Based on an analysis of the obtained results, a motivated proposal for reducing the risk is made.

Cogeneration is one of the leading technologies. Over time, it has been activated by almost all developed and actively developing countries in the world. However, achieving high energy efficiency when investing in such production is not an absolute rule but a matter of a thorough technical and economic assessment of the existing conditions. The management teams of textile enterprises usually focus on improving the economic and operational results, but despite the benefits of cogeneration, they do not want to take risks in its implementation because it is related to large strategic investments in the sector. Conducting research to identify and analyze the specific operating conditions of the textile enterprise in question will allow for the analysis of the possibility of introducing cogeneration. Looking at the structure of the energy consumption of the two types of energy (heat and electricity), the dynamics of prices and the geographical location are a prerequisites for studying the possibilities of introducing joint production of heat and electricity at a large textile enterprise. In the publication, an analysis of primary energy consumption was performed, a heat balance of the considered enterprise was drawn up, and objective economic and technical parameters based on the characteristics of the technology were derived. Based on the analysis of the obtained results, conclusions have been drawn regarding the possibilities of implementing joint extraction of heat and electricity in textile enterprises. The scientific novelty has been demonstrated by applying a new approach for a complete solution, aiming to achieve cleaner production and increase the energy efficiency of the considered textile enterprise.

As a result of the development of industrial organic synthesis, the output of secondary processes in oil processing is becoming increasingly diverse. Production volume is a nodal indicator that is limited by the available production capacity, equipment configuration and the monetary equivalent of energy costs. In order to determine the technological potential and cost of produced petroleum products, it is necessary to create a complex that includes all stages of production. The most important criterion for evaluating the energy efficiency of an oil refinery is the relative energy consumption, which depends on its complexity. This criterion can be presented as a set of the different types of energy resources used in the course of production and applied to the total production. For this purpose, the energy resources invested in the given technology should be referred to a finished product or raw material. The peculiarity of oil refineries is that, due to the variety of oil derivatives, energy consumption, as a set of different installations, is much more appropriate to relate not to individual target products but to the amount of processed oil. In practice, all types of energy carriers must be converted to an equivalent value. This paper provides an in-depth analysis of the energy costs of oil refineries. The collection of energy flows of different types and dimensions is the subject of the present study. Based on this, a method is presented that allows a comparison of the energy efficiency of refineries with different capacity and configuration of crude oil processing stages based on the energy index and the equivalent distillation performance.