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Nanoparticles for water disinfection by photocatalysis: A review

Michał Bodzek
Archives of Environmental Protection | 2022 | vol. 48 | No 1 | 3-17 | DOI: 10.24425/aep.2022.140541
Keywords Nanoparticles Photocatalysis water and wastewater disinfection
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Abstract

Photocatalysis is an efficient and ecological method of water and wastewater disinfection. During the process, various microorganisms are deactivated, including Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, for example Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumonia, and so on, fungi like Aspergillus niger, Fusarium graminearum, algea ( Tetraselmis suecica, Amphidinium carterae, and so on) and viruses. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is the most commonly used material due to its price and high oxidation efficiency; it is easy to modify using both physical and chemical methods, what allows for its wide use in industrial scale. Intensive research on novel photocatalysts (e.g. ZnO and carbon based photocatalysis like graphene, carbon nanotube, carbon nitride and others) has been carried out. The future development of nano-disinfection containing metal/metal oxides and carbon based nanoparticles should focus on:
 improving disinfection efficiency through different manufacturing strategies,
 proper clarification and understanding of the role and mechanism of interaction of the nano-material with the microorganisms,
 progress in scaling up the production of commercial nano-photocatalysts,
 determination of the extent of environmental release of nano-photocatalysts and their toxicity.

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Authors and Affiliations

Michał Bodzek
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Institute of Environmental Engineering Polish Academy of Sciences, Zabrze, Poland

Removal of microplastics in unit processes used in water and wastewater treatment: a review

Michał Bodzek Alina Pohl
Archives of Environmental Protection | 2022 | vol. 48 | No 4 | 102-128 | DOI: 10.24425/aep.2022.143713
Keywords water and wastewater treatment microplastics removal physical treatment chemical technology biological process
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Abstract

Many tons of micro- and nano-sized plastic particles enter the aquatic environment every year, due to increasing plastic production, with the consequent risk of microplastics contaminating our environment. Addressing this multifaceted threat requires innovative technologies that can efficiently remove microplastics from the environment. Therefore, there is an urgent need to study the efficiency of the removal of microplastics by different water and wastewater treatment technologies. After short overviewed the source, occurrence, and potential adverse impacts of microplastics to human health, we then identified promising technologies for microplastics removal, including physical, chemical, and biological approaches. A detailed analysis of the advantages and limitations of different techniques was provided. According to literature data, the performance of microplastics removal is as follows: membrane bioreactor (>99%) > activated sludge process (~98%) > rapid sand filtration (~97.1%) > dissolved air floatation (~95%) > electrocoagulation (>90%) > constructed wetlands (88%). Chemical treatment methods such as coagulation, magnetic separation, Fenton, photo-Fenton and photocatalytic degradation also show moderate to high efficiency of microplastics removal. Hybrid treatment such as the MBR-UF/RO system, coagulation followed by ozonation, adsorption, dissolved air flotation, filtration, and constructed wetlands based hybrid technologies have shown very promising results in the effective removal of microplastics. Lastly, research gaps in this area are identified, and suggestions for future perspectives are provided. We concluded this review with the current challenges and future research priorities, which will guide us through the path addressing microplastics contamination.
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Authors and Affiliations

Michał Bodzek
1
ORCID: ORCID
Alina Pohl
1
  1. Institute of Environmental Engineering Polish Academy of Sciences, Zabrze, Poland

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