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Abstract

We define as preterm any newborn born before 37 weeks of gestation. The incidence of inguinal hernia is 1–4.4% among full term neonates and older children. In preterm newborns it is significantly more often, with an incidence that raises up to 30%. In this comprehensive review of the literature we provide evidence-based answers in various questions concerning the optimal treatment of inguinal hernias in preterm neonates. Such questions include the proper time of intervention, the choice of optimal anesthesia, the necessity for contralateral investigation in case of an ipsilateral hernia, the prevention of post-operative apnea and the choice between classic and laparoscopic surgical techniques.
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Bibliography

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9. Antonoff M.B., Kreykes N.S., Saltsman D.A., et al.: American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Surgery hernia survey revisited. J Pediatr Surg. 2005; 40: 1009–1014.
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11. Lee S.L., Gleason J.M., Sydorak R.M.: A critical review of premature infants with inguinal hernias: optimal timing of repair, incarceration risk, and postoperative apnea. J Pediatr Surg. 2011; 46: 217–220.
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14. Esposito C., Turial S., Escolino M., et al.: Laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair in premature babies weighing 3 kg or less. Pediatr Surg Int. 2012; 28: 989–992.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ioannis Patoulias
1
Ioanna Gkalonaki
1
ORCID: ORCID
Dimitrios Patoulias
2

  1. First Department of Pediatric Surgery, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, General Hospital “G Gennimatas”, Thessaloniki, Greece
  2. First Department of Internal Medicine, General Hospital “Hippokration”, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Abstract

Scar development in the children’s renal cortex with vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is one of the most important parameters of prognosis. It can develop regardless of the chosen treatment, even after the regression of VUR. The shape of the renal papillae, the ascending urinary tract infection, the greater than third-degree VUR, and finally the increased intra-calyceal pressure, induce the formation of renal scarring in the renal parenchyma. Renal scarring may complicate VUR independently of the therapeutic strategy (conservative or operative) and its regression. For restitution of this entity, many scientific terms have been used and the most common of them is intrarenal reflux (IRR). The effects of VUR on future renal function result from the limited ability of the affected kidney to grow (failure of renal growth) due to the existence of scars in the renal cortex, the worsening of these scars, or finally the creation of new scars. With the present study, we intend to clarify the etiology and the pathophysiology of IRR and the relation of VUR prognosis to newer biomarkers such as N-acetyl-beta-glycosaminidase, beta-2 microglobulin, Pen-traxin- 3 and Liver-type fatty-acid-binding protein.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ioanna Gkalonaki
1
ORCID: ORCID
Evangelia Schoina
1
Michail Anastasakis
1
Ioannis Patoulias
1

  1. First Department of Pediatric Surgery, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, General Hospital “G. Gennimatas”, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Abstract

Hutch Diverticulum (HD) is defined as the protrusion of the mucosal and submucosal layer through the muscle bundles of the underlying detrusor muscle. HD is located at the vesicoureteral junction with a backward direction from the homolateral ureteral orifice. As far as its etiology is con-cerned, HD is caused either by a congenital muscle wall defect at the level where the Waldeyer’s fascia occupies the clefts between the vesical part of the homolateral ureter and the detrusor, or is associated with abortive ureteral duplication or defective incorporation of mesonephric duct into the bladder at the site of ureteral hiatus or finally is associated with the development of transient urethral obstruction. HD is usually unilateral and more common in male patients. It may be associated with the Ehlers-Danlos, Williams-Elfin and Menkes syndromes. HD usually occurs in childhood and rarely during adulthood. It is found in 0.2–13% of all children presenting with urinary tract infection. Through this short review article, we attempt to present in detail the most recent bibliographic data concerning this entity, focusing on pathophysiology, diagnostic approach, and treatment strategy.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ioanna Gkalonaki
1
ORCID: ORCID
Michail Anastasakis
1
Christina Panteli
1
Ioannis Patoulias
1

  1. First Department of Pediatric Surgery, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, General Hospital “G. Gennimatas”, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Abstract

The main target during management of a male pediatric patient with clinical signs of acute scrotum is the timely diagnosis, in order not to jeopardize the viability of the affected testicle. Thorough evaluation of the patient’s medical history, symptomatology, clinical and ultrasonographic findings, con-stitutes the basis of the diagnostic procedure. After comprehensive research of the relevant literature, we highlight the remaining difficulties in the evaluation of the clinical and ultrasonographic findings for the accurate diagnosis of the acute scrotum. In conclusion, it is worth emphasizing on the following: a. the most common diseases that come under the diagnosis of the acute scrotum may present with similar symptoms, b. in neglected cases the diagnostic approach becomes more difficult, constituting the evalua-tion of the pathognomonic clinical signs challenging, and c. inability to exclude the diagnosis of spermatic cord torsion should be an indication for the surgical exploration of the affected hemiscrotum.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ioanna Gkalonaki
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ioannis Patoulias
1
Michail Anastasakis
1
Christina Panteli
1
Dimitrios Patoulias
2

  1. First Department of Pediatric Surgery, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, General Hospital “G. Gennimatas”, Thessaloniki, Greece
  2. First Department of Internal Medicine, General Hospital “Hippokration”, Thessaloniki, Greece

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