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Abstract

Each work of literature creates its own world of fiction and presents a series of events that bring that world to life. Such a world is initially evoked by its author, but subsequently continues to exist supported by collective memory and imagination of the readers and critics. Altogether Roman Ingarden admits four metaphysical categories: the real, the ideal, the mental and the intentional world. A puzzling question arises if we inquire how various objects are included into any of these categories. Is it necessary that they meet some qualitative criteria, or is it possible that they are placed in a suitable category by being freely ascribed to it? The author chooses the second option and argues that this is compatible with the eminent role that Ingarden assigned to works of literature.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jacek Hołówka
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. prof. em., Uniwersytet Warszawski, Wydział Filozofii, ul. Krakowskie Przedmieście 3, 00-927 Warszawa
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Bibliography

1. Barcz M. (2020), Mechanika działań. Filozoficzny spór wokół przyczynowej teorii działania, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
2. Davidson D. (2006), The Essential Davidson, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
3. Suppes P. (2006), Donald Davidson, 6 March 1917 – 31 August 2003, „Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society” 150 (2), s. 353–359.

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Authors and Affiliations

Jacek Hołówka
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. prof. em., Uniwersytet Warszawski, Wydział Filozofii, ul. Krakowskie Przedmieście 3, 00-927 Warszawa
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Abstract

When discussing justice, John Rawls focuses on smooth functioning, impartiality and social acceptability of the system of political obligations. His theory of justice is forged as a system of liberal democracy combined with constitutionally established principles of welfare state. Although Rawls distinguishes between political and moral norms, he believes that in a welfare constitutional state a reliable method of negotiating between demands of all citizens is accessible by adoption of a social contract. A social contract presupposes a nearly unanimous view on the character of a good political system. This is a case of soft naturalization. The author distinguishes it from hard naturalization that is not applicable to normative political theories.
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Bibliography

Dretske F. (2004), Naturalizowanie umysłu, przeł. B. Świątczak, wstęp U. Żegleń, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo IFiS PAN.
Hare R.M. (1970), Meaning and Speech Acts, „The Philosophical Review” 79 (1), s. 3–24.
Kripke S. (2001), Nazywanie i konieczność, przeł. B. Chwedeńczuk, Warszawa: Fundacja Aletheia.
Putnam H. (1998), Wiele twarzy realizmu i inne eseje, przeł. A. Grobler, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
Quine W.V.O. (1969), Epistemology naturalized, w: tenże, Ontological Relativity and Other Essays, New York: Columbia University Press.
Rawls J. (1994), Teoria sprawiedliwości, przeł. M. Panufnik, J. Pasek, A. Romaniuk, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
Rawls J. (1998), Liberalizm polityczny, przeł. A. Romaniuk, wstęp Cz. Porębski, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
Rawls J. (2010), Wykłady z historii filozofii polityki, oprac. S. Freeman, przeł. S. Szymański, Warszawa: Wydawnictwa Akademickie i Profesjonalne.
Sacks O. (2021), Wszystko na swoim miejscu, przeł. J. Łoziński, Poznań: Zysk i S‑ka.
Searle J.R. (1964), How to Derive „Ought” From „Is”, „The Philosophical Review” 73 (1), s. 43–58.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jacek Hołówka
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. prof. em., Uniwersytet Warszawski, Wydział Filozofii, ul. Krakowskie Przedmieście 3, 00-927 Warszawa

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