We present a summary of research carried out in 2019–2022 in Poland in the area of general theory and methodology in geodesy. The study contains a description of original contributions by authors affiliated with Polish scientific institutions. It forms part of the national report presented at the 28th General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) taking place on 11-20 July 2023 in Berlin, Germany. The Polish authors developed their research in the following thematic areas: robust estimation and its applications, prediction problems, cartographic projections, datum transformation problems and geometric geodesy algorithms, optimization and design of geodetic networks, geodetic time series analysis, relativistic effects in GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) and precise orbit determination of GNSS satellites. Much has been done on the subject of estimating the reliability of existing algorithms, but also improving them or studying relativistic effects. These studies are a continuation of work carried out over the years, but also they point to new developments in both surveying and geodesy.We hope that the general theory and methodology will continue to be so enthusiastically developed by Polish authors because although it is not an official pillar of geodesy, it is widely applicable to all three pillars of geodesy.