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Abstract

There are only very few studies on the anatomy of the deep brachial artery — DBA (arteria profunda brachii), both regarding its course, branching pattern and contribution to the cubital rete. Most of the textbooks are based on data which remain unchanged for years. The aim of this article was to summarize the current knowledge on this vessel, based on the anatomical and clinical studies and other sources available including also own cadaveric study. We tried to present also some controversies regarded to the nomenclature of the branches of the DBA.
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Authors and Affiliations

Wojciech Przybycień
1
Michał Zarzecki
1
Agata Musiał
1
Paweł Depukat
1
Bartłomiej Kruszyna
1
Agata Mazurek
1
Julia Jaszczyńska
1
Kinga Glądys
1
Ewa Walocha
2
Ewa Mizia
1
Grzegorz Wysiadecki
3
Jerzy Walocha
1

  1. Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
  2. Department of Clinical Nursing, Institute of Nursing and Obstetrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
  3. Department of Normal and Clinical Anatomy, Chair of Anatomy and Histology, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
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Abstract

The purpose of the research was to define the frequency prevalence of the incorporation of sphenoid sinuses’ septum / septa in the carotid canal of the adult population.
M a t e r i a l s and M e t h o d s: 296 computed tomography (CT) scans of the patients (147 females, 149 males), who did not present any pathology in the sphenoid sinuses, were evaluated in this retrospective analysis. Spiral CT scanner — Siemens Somatom Sensation 16 — was used to glean the medical images. Standard procedure applied in the option Siemens CARE Dose 4D. No contrast medium was administered. Multiplans reconstruction (MPR) tool was used in order to obtain frontal and sagittal planes from the transverse planes previously received.
R e s u l t s: Bilateral incorporation of the main septum (MS) in the carotid canal was not present in any of the patients, whereas unilateral incorporation was noticed in 21.96% of the patients (17.68% females, 26.17% males). On the right side it occurred in 11.82% of cases (10.88% females, 12.75% males), and on the left side in 10.14% of cases (6.8% females, 13.42% males). Bilateral incorporation of the additional septum (AS) was found in 8.45% of the patients (4.08% females, 12.75% males), whereas unilateral incorporation was noted in 28.37% of the patients. It was seen on the right side in 11.82% of cases (12.93% females, 10.74% males), and on the left side in 16.55% cases (15.65% females, 17.45% males). The most common variant was the incorporation of only one of the septa (either the MS or the AS) in the wall of the carotid canal unilaterally. Such situation took place in 30.07% of the patients (29.25% females, 30.87% males).
Incorporation of two septa on the same side was noticed in 4.39% of cases (4.08% females, 4.7% males), and incorporation of three septa in 0.34% of cases (0.7% males).
C o n c l u s i o n s: The anatomy of the paranasal sinuses is varied to a great extent, hence performing a CT scan is crucial before the scheduled surgery, as it may lessen the unforeseeable surgical complications, that may result from the high prevalence of variants in the sinuses.


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Bibliography

1. Jaworek-Troć J., Zarzecki M., Bonczar A., Kaythampillai L.N., Rutowicz B., Mazur M., Urbaniak J., Przybycień W., Piątek-Koziej K., Kuniewicz M., Lipski M., Kowalski W., Skrzat J., Loukas M., Walocha J.: Sphenoid bone and its sinus — anatomo-clinical review of the literature including application to FESS. Folia Med Crac. 2019; 59 (2): 45–59. doi: 10.24425/fmc.2019.128453.
2. Jaworek-Troć J., Zarzecki M., Mróz I., Troć P., Chrzan R., Zawiliński J., Walocha J., Urbanik A.: The total number of septa and antra in the sphenoid sinuses — evaluation before the FESS. Folia Med Crac. 2018; 58 (3): 67–81. doi: 10.24425/fmc.2018.125073.
3. Jaworek-Troć J., Iwanaga J., Chrzan R., Zarzecki J.J., Żmuda P., Pękala A., Tomaszewska I.M., Tubbs R.S., Zarzecki M.P.: Anatomical variations of the main septum of the sphenoidal sinus and its importance during transsphenoidal approaches to the sella turcica. Translational Research in Anatomy. 2020 Nov; 21: 100079, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tria.2020.100079.
4. Abdullah B.J., Arasaratnam A., Kumar G., Gopala K.: The sphenoid sinuses: computed tomographic assessment of septation, relationship to the internal carotid arteries and sidewall thickness in the Malaysian population. J HK Coll Radiol. 2001; 4: 185–188.
5. Eryilmaz A., Ozeri C., Bayiz U., Samim E., Gocmen H., Akmansu H., Safak M.A., Dursun E.: Functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS). Turk J Med Res. 1993; 11 (5): 221–223.
6. Haetinger R.G., Navarro J.A.C., Liberti E.A.: Basilar expansion of the human sphenoidal sinu: an integrated anatomical and computerized tomography study. Eur Radiol. 2006; 16: 2092–2099.
7. Kantarci M., Karasen R.M., Alper F., Onbas O., Okur A., Karaman A.: Remarkable anatomic variantions in paranasal sinus region and their clinical importance. European Journal of Radiology. 2004; 50: 296–302.
8. Kazkayasi M., Karadeniz Y., Arikan O.K.: Anatomic variations of the sphenoid sinus on computed tomography. Rhinology. 2005; 43: 109–114.
9. Keast A., Yelavich S., Dawes P., Lyons B.: Anatomical variations of the paranasal sinuses in Polynesian and New Zealand European computerized tomography scans. Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. 2008; 139: 216–221.
10. Mafee M.F., Chow J.M., Meyers R.: Functional endoscopic sinus surgery: anatomy, CT screening, indications and complications. AJR. 1993; 160: 735–744.
11. Mutlu C., Unlu H.H., Goktan C., Tarhan S., Egrilmez M.: Radiologic anatomy of the sphenoid sinus for intranasal surgery. Rhinology. 2001; 39: 128–132.
12. Perez-Pinas I., Sabate J., Carmona A., Catalina-Herrera C.J., Jimenez-Castellanos J.: Anatomical variations in the human paranasal sinus region studied by CT. J Anat. 2000; 197: 221–227.
13. Sareen D., Agarwail A.K., Kaul J.M., Sethi A.: Study of sphenoid sinus anatomy in relation to endoscopic surgery. Int. J Morphol. 2005; 23 (3): 261–266.
14. Terra E.R., Guedes F.R., Manzi F.R., Boscolo F.N.: Pneumatization of the sphenoid sinus. Dentomaxillofacial Radiology. 2006; 35: 47–49.
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29. Jaworek-Troć J., Walocha J.A., Loukas M., Tubbs R.S., Iwanaga J., Zawiliński J., Brzegowy K., Zarzecki J.J., Curlej-Wądrzyk A., Kucharska E., Burdan F., Janda P., Zarzecki M.P.: Extensive pneumatisation of the sphenoid bone — anatomical investigation of the recesses of the sphenoid sinuses and their clinical importance. Folia Morph. 2020 (Ahead of print). doi: 10.5603/FM.a2020.0120.
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Authors and Affiliations

Joanna Jaworek-Troć
1 2
Michał Zarzecki
1
Dariusz Lusina
1
Tomasz Gładysz
3
Paweł Depukat
1
Agata Mazurek
1
Wojciech Twardokęs
4
Anna Curlej- Wądrzyk
5
Joe Iwanaga
6
Ewa Walocha
7
Robert Chrzan
2
Andrzej Urbanik
2

  1. Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
  2. Department of Radiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
  3. Department of Dental Surgery, Institute of Dentistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
  4. Department of Histology, Cytophysiology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine in Zabrze, University of Technology in Katowice, Zabrze, Poland
  5. Department of Integrated Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
  6. Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane University, New Orleans, USA
  7. Department of Clinical Nursing, Institute of Nursing and Obstetrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine the course of the main septum (MS) in the sphenoid sinuses in the adult population.

Materials and Methods: 296 patients (147 females, 149 males), who did not present any pathology in the paranasal sinuses, were included in this retrospective analysis of the computed tomography (CT) scans. Spiral CT scanner (Siemens Somatom Sensation 16) was used in order to glean the images of the paranasal sinuses, using standard procedure, in the option Siemens CARE Dose 4D, without using any contrast medium. Secondary reconstructions of the sagittal and frontal planes were obtained using multi-plans reconstruction (MPR) tool after obtaining transverse planes in the first instance.

Results: The course of the MS changed the most often from the anterior to the posterior part of the sphenoid sinuses. Such situation took place in 83.78% of the patients, in 32.43% of whom a clear shift to the lateral side was noticed only in the posterior part of the MS: in 18.24% of the patients to the right side, and in 14.19% of the patients to the left side. In 17.57% of the patients the lateral shift was visible in both anterior and posterior parts of the septum, where in 9.46% of the patients it was from the left side to the right, whereas in 8.11% of the patients the shift took place from the right side to the left. The MS had the shape of the letter ‘C’ in 22.29% of the cases, and 11.82% had the typical shape of the letter ‘C,’ and in 10.47% of the patients it paralleled the inverted letter ‘C’ (upside down). Amongst the types of the MS shifting directions the rarest was the MS that resembled the letter ‘S’ — 11.48% of the patients. In 5.74% of the cases it looked like the typical letter ‘S,’ and in 5.74% of the cases it was similar to the inverted letter ‘S.’ Only 16.22% of the cases had the MS that did not change its course nor its shape and ran medially in the sagittal plane from the anterior to the posterior part of the sinuses.

Conclusions: In furtherance of reducing the risk of problems occurring during a surgery in the paranasal sinuses, it is prudent to have a CT scan done in all the patients beforehand, due to the high prevalence of the anatomical variations in the sinuses.

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Bibliography

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2. Jaworek-Troć J., Zarzecki M., Mróz I., Troć P., Chrzan R., Zawiliński J., Walocha J., Urbanik A.: The total number of septa and antra in the sphenoid sinuses — evaluation before the FESS. Folia Med Crac. 2018; 58 (3): 67–81.
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4. Jaworek-Troć J., Walocha J.A., Chrzan R., Żmuda P., Zarzecki J.J., Pękala A., Depukat P., Kucharska E., Lipski M., Curlej-Wądrzyk A., Zarzecki M.P.: Protrusion of the carotid canal into the sphenoid sinuses: evaluation before endonasal endoscopic sinus surgery. Folia Morph. 2020 (Ahead of print). doi: 10.5603/FM.a2020.0086.
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21. Terra E.R., Guedes F.R., Manzi F.R., Boscolo F.N.: Pneumatization oft he sphenoid sinus. Dentomaxillofacial Radiology. 2006; 35: 47–49.
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Authors and Affiliations

Joanna Jaworek-Troć
1 2
Michał Zarzecki
1
Wojciech Przybycień
1
Marcin Lipski
1
Anna Curlej-Wądrzy
3
Joe Iwanaga
4
Jerzy Walocha
1
Agata Mazurek
1
Robert Chrzan
2
Andrzej Urbanik
2

  1. Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
  2. Department of Radiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
  3. Department of Integrated Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
  4. Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane University, New Orleans, USA

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