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Abstract

The combination of the functional disorders of urination and defecation constitutes the Dys-functional Elimination Syndrome (DES). DES refers to an abnormal pattern of elimination of unknown etiology characterized by bowel and bladder incontinence and withholding, with no underlying anatomic or neurologic abnormalities. Essential precondition for a child to be subsumed under this entity is the exclusion of either anatomical or neurological causative factors. In the present review study the individual entities of dysfunctional filling, such as the unstable or lazy bladder, or dysfunctional urination, such as the detrusor sphincter dyssynergia and the functional constipation are being described comprehensively. Subsequently, the analysis of the pathophysiological effects of the dysfunctional elimination syndrome such as incontinence, urinary tract infections and the conservation or the deterioration of vesicoureteric reflux, is being accentuated. With the documentation of DES, the therapeutic strategy should aim at treating both the functional disorder of the vesicourethral unit and the functional constipation. The first part does not specify depending on the type of this disorder. Rarely, surgical treatment of functional urinary disorders may be required.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ioanna Gkalonaki
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ioannis Patoulias
1

  1. First Department of Pediatric Surgery, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Greece, General Hospital “G.Gennimatas”, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Abstract

Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans is a chronic, progressive, sclerosing inflammation of unclear etiology. It involves the external genitalia of males and more specifically the prepuce and its frenulum, the glans, and the external urethral meatus while it may extend to the peripheral part of the urethra. Recent studies have noted an increasing incidence in the paediatric population. It is the most common cause of secondary (pathologic) phimosis. Even more, in boys with physiologic phimosis that does not respond to conservative treatment, Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans should be considered as the underlying condition. In this study, we present all the latest data and attempt to create a diagnostic and curative algorithm regarding this condition.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ioanna Gkalonaki
1
ORCID: ORCID
Michalis Anastasakis
1
Ioanna Sofia Psarrakou
2
Ioannis Patoulias
1

  1. First Department of Pediatric Surgery, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Greece, General Hospital “G.Gennimatas”, Thessaloniki, Greece
  2. Department of Pediatrics, General Hospital “G. Gennimatas”, Thessaloniki, Greece

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