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Coal supply prospects in Poland and Selected European Union Countries

Monika Pepłowska
Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi - Mineral Resources Management | 2021 | vol. 37 | No 3 | 31-52 | DOI: 10.24425/gsm.2021.138657
Keywords coal import coal supply coal sector coal in Poland coal in Europe
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Abstract

The raw material economy determines energy security for individual countries in the world. Coal is one of the most important energy carriers for electricity production and heat generation. World market trends of fossil raw materials such as hard coal and lignite were presented. In the European Union a significant decrease in coal and lignite consumption has been observed in recent years. This situation is primarily related to the accelerating decarbonisation policy and support of renewable energy sources, which are considered to be environmentally friendly. The pandemic occurring in recent years has also played an important role in shaping the raw materials market. The author shows the possibilities and directions in which the coal economy has prospects for development and expansion. The amount of the world’s coal resources is presented, as well as the size of the global consumption of the raw material in the 2000–2011 years, specifying in China, India, Asia, the USA and the countries of the European Union. The structure of the coal economy is presented in the light of the policies and laws enacted by the European Union Comission, in particular in Poland, Germany and France. The appearance of the hard coal sector and lignite sector in Poland is described in detail. The size of resources was given in terms of coal classification. The presented data were based on a range of information and reports from world organizations such as the International Energy Agency or British Petroleum.
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Authors and Affiliations

Monika Pepłowska
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland

Heating films as an element of combined photovoltaic and heating systems in residential buildings

Krystian Majchrzak Monika Pepłowska Piotr Olczak
Polityka Energetyczna - Energy Policy Journal | 2021 | vol. 24 | No 3 | 29-42
Keywords renewable energy sources photovoltaics solar energy sustainable building heating films
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Abstract

This paper discusses the idea of combining a photovoltaic system with a heating film system to heat residential buildings. The analysis was performed for a newly built single-family house in Warsaw or its vicinity. The authors have selected the size of the photovoltaic installation, calculated the costs incurred by the user for the installation of a hybrid system, which were additionally compared to the cost of installing a gas installation (gas boiler) used for heating the building. The calculations were made for a single-family house with a usable area of 120 m2, the demand for utility energy for heating purposes in the newly built house was in the range of 10–50 kWh/m2/year. Based on the adopted parameters, the authors evaluated the economic efficiency of both investments (solutions) determining their net present values (NPV). The analysis takes the energy needed only for heating purposes into account.
NPV for a heating system with a gas boiler with an investment outlay EUR 8,000 for buildings purchased for utility energy in the amount of 20 kWh/m2/year and the price for natural gas EUR 0.04 /kWh will be EUR –10,500 (for 15 years, discount rate r = 3%). For the same thermal needs (energy required) of the building, NPV for heating films + photovoltaic (HF + PV) will amount to – EUR 8,100. Comparing the variants will get a EUR 2,400 higher NPV for HF + PV. With a utility energy demand for heating purpose of 50 kWh/m2/year and gas heating installation investment cost of EUR 7,000, the NPV for both variants will be equal for natural gas price = EUR 0.035/kWh.
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Authors and Affiliations

Krystian Majchrzak
1 2
Monika Pepłowska
3
ORCID: ORCID
Piotr Olczak
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
  2. Instaway Institute, Warszawa, Poland
  3. Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland

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