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Abstract

The state of the art in the field of composite polymer bridges in Poland is presented below. Such bridges were built from 1999. Some of them are fully composite polymer structure. Others are developed as hybrid structure. There are two kind of structures: steel girders with FRP deck and FRP girders with concrete deck. Different production methods of FRP elements were used: pultrusion and infusion. Some bridges are the result of research programs, but there are also some commercial projects. Also, the short application history of FRP bridges all over the world is presented and material properties of the construction material are given in the paper. Those materials are much more lighter than steel or concrete. Low weight of FRP materials is an advantage but also disadvantage. It is good from structural and economical point of view because the dimensions of girders, piers and foundation will be smaller. From opposite side to light structure could cause problems related to response of structure against dynamic actions. As a final result the fatigue strength and durability will be reduced. Of course, the high cost of FRP (CFRP especially) limits at the moment range of application. The presented in the paper bridge structures show that despite of mentioned above problems they are now in good conditions and their future life looks optimistic. It could be supposed that modification and/or development of FRP production technologies more better utilizing their properties will create more elegant and useful bridges.
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Bibliography


[1] Chróścielewski J., Miśkiewicz M., Pyrzowski Ł, Wilde K., “Composite GFRP U-shaped footbridge”, Polish Maritime Research, Special Issue 2017 S1 (93) 2017 Vol. 24, pp. 25–31.
[2] Chróścielewski J., Miśkiewicz M., Pyrzowski Ł, Sobczyk B., Wilde K., “A novel sandwich footbridge – Practical application of laminated composites in bridge design and in situ measurements of static response”, Composites Part B Vol. 126, 2017, pp. 153–161.
[3] De Corte W., Jansseune A., Van Paepegem W., Peeters J., “Structural behaviour and robustness assessment of an InfraCore inside bridge deck specimen subjected to static and dynamic local loading”, Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Composite Materials, Xi’an, 2017.
[4] Dong C.J., “Development of a process model for the vacuum assisted resin transfer molding simulation by the response surface method”, Composites: Part A Vol. 37, 2006, pp. 1316–1324.
[5] Grotte, B., Karwowski W., Mossakowski, P., Wróbel, M., Zobel, H., Żółtowski, P.: Steel, arch footbridge with composite polymer deck. „Wroclaw Bridge Days” - „Footbridges – Architecture, design, construction, research”. 29–30 November 2007, pp. 135–146.
[6] Grotte B., Karwowski W., Mossakowski P., Wróbel M., Zobel H., Żółtowski P., “Steel, arch footbridge with composite polymer deck with suspended composite polymer deck over S-11 highway nearby Kórnik”, Inżynieria i Budownictwo 1-2/2009, pp. 69–73.
[7] Karwowski W., “Material - structural conditions of joints in FRP bridges”, Ph. D. thesis, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw 2011.
[8] Madaj A., “Composite polymer bridges. New structural solutions of bridge girders”, Mosty 3/2015, pp. 58-60.
[9] Mossakowski P., Wróbel M., Zobel H., Żółtowski P. ,Pedestrian steel arch bridge with composite polymer deck. IV International Conference on “Current and future trends in bridge design, construction and maintenance”. Kuala Lumpur. Malaysia. October 2005.
[10] Mylavarapu R., Patnaik A., Puli K., R. K., “Basalt FRP: A new FRP material for infrastructure market?”, Proceedings of 4th International Conference on Advanced Composite Materials in Bridges and Structures, Canadian Society of Civil Engineers, Montreal, 2004.
[11] Patnaik A., “Applications of basalt fiber reinforced polymer (BFRP) reinforcement for transportation infrastructure”. Developing a Research Agenda for Transportation Infrastructure, TRB November, 2009.
[12] Pilarczyk K., “Application of composite panels InfraCore inside bridge structures”, Mosty 5/ 2019, pp. 74–75.
[13] Siwowski T., Kaleta D., Rajchel M., “Structural behaviour of an all-composite road bridge”, Composite Structures 192: pp. 555–567, 2018.
[14] Siwowski T., Rajchel M., Własak L., “Experimental study on static and dynamic performance of a novel GFRP bridge girder”, Composite Structures Vol. 259, 2021.
[15] Siwowski T., Rajchel M., Kulpa M, “Design and field evaluation of a hybrid FRP composite – lightweight concrete road bridge”, Composite Structures, Vol. 230, 2019.
[16] Siwowski T., Rajchel M., “Structural performance of a hybrid FRP composite – lightweight concrete bridge girder”, Composites Part B Vol. 174, 2019.
[17] Wąchalski K., “The design of renovation and widening of the J. Piłsudskiego bridge across Vistula river in Toruń, Poland”, Mosty 1/2021, pp. 50–56, (in Polish).
[18] Zobel H., Karwowski W, Wróbel M., „GFRP pedestrianbridge”, Inżynieria i Budownictwo nr 2/2003, pp. 107–108, (in Polish).
[19] Zobel H., “Composite Polymer Bridges”, Proceedings of 50-tie Conference „Scientific and Research Problems in Civil Engineering”, Krynica 2004, Vol I, pp. 381–410 (in Polish).
[20] Zobel H., Grotte B., Karwowski W., Wasiliew P., Wrobel M., Zoltowski P.: Pedestrian steel arch bridge with composite polymer deck and CFRP stays. IABSE Symposium “Metropolitan Habitats and Infrastructure”. Shanghai, China. September 2004. pp. 88–89 + CD.
[21] Zobel H., Karwowski W., Bridge composite polymer decks. Inżynieria i Budownictwo 11/2005, pp. 594–598. (in Polish).
[22] PN-EN 13706-3: 2004 Composite polymers. Technical Specifications for the profiles produced with pultrusion method. Part 3: Detailed requirements.
[23] http://www.mdacomposites.org/, 2005.
[24] Information Materials of the Mostostal Warszawa S.A. “Com-bridge – construction of the FRP structure”, 2016.
[25] Report of the Research Project “Material and structural conditions for joints in bridge structures made of FRP profiles realized in the Faculty of Civil Engineering at Warsaw University of Technology”. The project realized in 2005–2008 and financed by the Polish Ministry of Education and Science.
[26] https://fiberline.com/, 2021.
[27] https://www.kolbudy.pl, 2021.
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Authors and Affiliations

Tomasz Siwowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Henryk Zobel
2
ORCID: ORCID
Thakaa Al-Khafaji
2
ORCID: ORCID
Wojciech Karwowski
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Rzeszow University of Technology, Faculty of Civil & Environmental Engineering & Architecture, ul. Powstancow Warszawy 12, 35-859 Rzeszow, Poland
  2. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Al. Armii Ludowej 16, 00-637 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

Idea to travel faster and faster is as old as human civilization. Different ways were used to move from point to point over centuries. The railways, cars, air-plains and rockets were invented. Each of them have limitations and advantages. Therefore, people always look for other, better solutions. One of them is “vacuum rail” moving inside a tube, known also as a Hyperloop. The number of problems to be solved is extremely high. This paper is devoted to civil engineering problems only e.g. viaducts, tunnels, stations. It is necessary to consider the kind of sub- and superstructure supporting the tube, influence of changes of ambient temperature and solar radiation, the way to ensure safety and structural integrity of the structures in case of fire, decompression of a structural tube and air-tightening, occurrence of accidents etc. Taking into account the fact that bridge and tunnel standards do not include information relating to above mentioned problems it is interesting to determine rules for design, construction and maintenance of such structures.
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Bibliography

[1] Z. Malecha, P. Krukowski, P. Pyrka, K. Skrzynecki, P. Prycinski, M. Palka, Analysis of technological rediness transportation system using high speed vehicles in limited space with reducted air preassure. Report for National research and Development Centre – Poland, 06.2018 (in Polish).
[2] M. Pawlik, M. Kycko, K. Zakrzewski, “Hyperloop vehicles spacing control challenges and possible solutions”, Archives of Civil Engineering, 2021, vol. 67, no. 2, pp. 261–274, DOI: 10.24425/ace.2021.137167.
[3] J. Piechna, Report on Conceptual Design of Hyperloop, internal material,Warsaw University of Technology, Poland, 2020 (in Polish).
[4] K. Polak, “Hyperloop technology and perspective of implementation”, Prace Instytutu Kolejnictwa, 2017, vol. 156, pp. 28–32 (in Polish).
[5] M. Rudowski, “Intermodal Transport of Hyperloop Capsules – Concept, Requirements, Benefits”, Problemy Kolejnictwa (Railway Reports), 2018, vol. 62, no. 178, pp. 55–62.
[6] R. Sabarinath, “Warsaw Hyperloop Station – Technical Challenges and Opportunities Overview”, MSc. Diploma, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland, 2020.
[7] K. Trzonski, A. Ostenda, “High speed railways – technical and social aspects – Hyperloop One”, Nowoczesne Budownictwo Inzynieryjne, 2017, no.6, pp. 86–90 (in Polish).
[8] J. Tamarit, Evacuated Tube Transportation. Sponsored by CEN/CENELEC, NEN, UNE, 12.2018.
[9] Report “Potential for the development and implementation of the vacuum rail technology in Poland in the social, technical, economic and legal context”, GOSPOSTRATEG, September 2020.
[10] Hyperloop – International Development Overview, Prepared by HARDT, HYPER POLAND, TRANSPOD, ZELEROS, 10.2018.
[11] Hyperloop Alpha by SpaceX, 2017.
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Authors and Affiliations

Henryk Zobel
1
ORCID: ORCID
Anna Pawlak
2
Marek Pawlik
3
ORCID: ORCID
Piotr Żółtowski
2
Radosław Czubacki
1
Thakaa Al-Khafaji
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Al. Armii Ludowej 16, 00-637 Warsaw, Poland
  2. YLE Inzynierowie Co., Warsaw, Poland
  3. Railways Institute, Warsaw, Poland

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