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Player-avatar similarity and game experience: game efficacy, game enjoyment, and immersion

Monika Paleczna Piotr Buczkowicz Barbara Szmigielska
Polish Psychological Bulletin | 2022 | vol. 53 | No 3 | 193-202 | DOI: 10.24425/ppb.2022.141867
Keywords avatar similarity game efficacy game enjoyment immersion
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Abstract

A particular element of computer games which significantly affects the gaming experience is avatars, i.e., representations of virtual players. In particular player-avatar similarity is related to the game experience, however, the results of previous studies are not conclusive. There is also a lack of research in which participants actually create their own avatars. The first aim of this study is to check whether there is a relationship between the player-avatar similarity and the game experience: game efficacy, game enjoyment and immersion. As a second goal the study examines gender as the mechanism responsible for the relationship between avatar player-similarity and game experience: game enjoyment, game efficacy and immersion. In the study (N = 130) participants created their avatars, played designed computer game Characterium and assessed their experience. The results demonstrate that player-avatar similarity was positively related to immersion level (but not to game efficacy and game enjoyment). Gender was not a significant moderator of the relationships between avatar similarity and game efficacy, game enjoyment and immersion. We consider this study to be a step forward in better understanding the mechanisms underlying the relationship between player-avatar similarity and game experience. For the first time, the relationship between player-avatar similarity and immersion was demonstrated in the condition of creating an avatar by the subjects and controlling it in the game. We also identify potential reasons why our hypotheses have not been confirmed.
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Authors and Affiliations

Monika Paleczna
1
ORCID: ORCID
Piotr Buczkowicz
1
Barbara Szmigielska
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland

Isolation and purification of stevioside from stevia leaves

Jignesh Joshi Alok Gautam Shina Gautam
Chemical and Process Engineering | 2022 | vol. 43 | No 2 (The International Chemical Engineering Conference 2021 (ICHEEC): 100 Glorious Years of Chemical Engineering and Technology, held from September 16–19, 2021 at Dr B. R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, Punjab, India. Guest editor: Dr Raj Kumar Arya, Dr Anurag Kumar Tiwari) | 193-202 | DOI: 10.24425/cpe.2022.140822
Keywords ST rebaudioside-A Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni conventional extraction
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Abstract

Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni which has gained industrial and scientific interests is a suitable nutritional alternative to sucrose as a sweetener. Recently, there have been studies which show the extraction of this phytochemical substance from stevia leaves and purification methods by several alcohols and chromatographic methods. However, these methods are not cost-effective. Therefore, an attempt was made to extract and purify ST using inexpensive, scalable and simple techniques where different steps like extraction, electrocoagulation, ion exchange, activated charcoal, vacuum evaporation and butanol wash were used as purification steps. The present study established a new improved technology of extraction of ST from stevia leaves using water as a solvent followed by various purification steps. 496 mg of Stevioside extracted in the form of crystals was obtained from 100 g of leaves which is 10 times more than the reported yield of 54 mg from 100 g stevia leaves in literature. This methodology can be scaled up at the industry level for future large production to meet the huge demand for natural sweeteners.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jignesh Joshi
1 2
Alok Gautam
3 2
Shina Gautam
3 2
  1. Chemical Engineering Dept, Government Engineering College, Valsad, Gujarat, India-382424
  2. Gujarat Technological University, Chandkheda, Ahmedabad, 382424 Gujarat, India
  3. Chemical Engineering Dept, Shroff S. R. Rotary Institute Of Chemical Technology, Bharuch 393135, Gujarat, India

Determination of antimicrobial susceptibility and virulence-related genes of Trueperella pyogenes strains isolated from various clinical specimens in animals

O. Gulaydin C. Kayikci A. Gulaydin
Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences | 2024 | vol. 27 | No 2 | 193-202 | DOI: 10.24425/pjvs.2024.149349
Keywords antimicrobial susceptibility Trueperella pyogenes virulence-related genes
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Abstract

In this study, a total of 32 Trueperella pyogenes strains isolated from different disease specimens in cattle, sheep and goats were examined. Antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates to 10 antimicrobials were determined using the E-test method and MIC values of the antimicrobials were investigated. The genes that play a role in the antimicrobial resistance or virulence of T. pyogenes were determined by PCR using gene specific primers. In the study, all the isolates were susceptible to penicillin and cephalosporin. The highest resistance rate in the isolates was determined against streptomycin (56.25%) and tetracycline (53.12%) and MIC90 values for these antimicrobials were found to be >256 μg/ml and 12 μg/ml, respectively. The ermX gene was found to be positive in 8 (80%) of 10 isolates that were resistant to macrolide group antimicrobials. Among 20 aminoglycoside resistant isolates, aadA1, aadA9, strA-strB, and aac(6’)-aph(2’’) genes were determined in 5 (25%), 14 (70%), 7 (35%) and 1 (5%) of the isolates, respectively. When the presence of virulence-related genes in the isolates was examined, nanP (93.75%), fimA (93.75%) and plo (90.62%) genes were detected in the majority of the isolates. While the cbpA gene was negative in all isolates, the fimG gene was found in a limited number of the isolates (15.62%). It was concluded that streptomycin and tetracycline resistance should be considered in T. pyogenes isolates. Also, nanP, fimA and plo genes may have an important role in the pathogenesis of the infections.
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Authors and Affiliations

O. Gulaydin
1
C. Kayikci
2
A. Gulaydin
3
  1. Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Siirt, Kezer Campus, Veysel Karani District, University Street, Siirt/Türkiye
  2. Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Van Yuzuncu Yil, Bardakci District, 10071 Street, No:6, Van/Türkiye
  3. Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Siirt, Kezer Campus, Veysel Karani District, University Street, Siirt/Türkiye

Phytoplankton abundance and distribiution in the southern Drake Passage and the Bransfield Strait in February—March 1981 (BIOMASS-FIBEX)

Elżbieta E. Kopczyńska Ryszard Ligowski
Polish Polar Research | 1982 | vol. 3 | No 3-4 | 193-202
Keywords Antarctic FIBEX phytoplankton distribution
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Abstract

Maximum values of the settling volume and dry weight of suspended particulate matter, were found in the open waters of the southern Drake Passage (between 60°8' S and 62° 11' S), and west of the Anvers Island. Minimum respective values were observed in the Bransfield Strait. The distribution of phytoplankton cell numbers and of algal biomass expressed as total cell volumes closely followed the distribution of particulate matter. Diatoms were the major algae of the plankton. Several species of the genera Chaetoceros, Nitzschia and Corethron were dominant and characteristic of the phytoplankton assemblages in different parts of the study area.

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Authors and Affiliations

Elżbieta E. Kopczyńska
Ryszard Ligowski

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