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Abstract

Newcastle disease (ND) is a frequently reported disease in poultry among both vaccinated and non-vaccinated flocks in Pakistan. During 2011-2012 poultry industry in Punjab, mainly in Lahore region, faced fatal outbreaks of ND caused by a variant strain. An analytical study was conducted during outbreak period in Lahore region. A total of 114 environmentally controlled farms were selected with the help of convenient sampling method. A questionnaire was designed about the potential risk factors associated with the spread of ND outbreak. The bivariate relationships between ND status and independent variables were investigated by applying the Chi-square and Fisher’s exact test. Multivariable logistic model was used to estimate the effect of each studied variable on the outcome by adjusting the other variables in the model. The variables which showed an association with ND outbreaks at commercial poultry farms were improper method for dead birds disposal (OR=4.96; 95% CI 1.63-15.12), use of same feed transporting vehicle at multiple poultry farms (OR=4.92; 95% CI 1.58-15.33), farm to farm distance of less than 1 km (OR=9.32; 95% CI(1.19-73.12), number of sheds at one farm (OR=2.31; 95% CI 0.93-5.69), labor type (OR=2.72; 95% CI 0.83-8.88) and biosecurity (OR= 4.47; 95% CI 0.56-35.66).
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Bibliography


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Authors and Affiliations

R. Maqsood
1 2
A. Khan
1
M.H. Mushtaq
1
T. Yaqub
3
M.A. Aslam
4
H.B. Rashid
5
S.S. Gill
1
R. Akram
1
A. Rehman
1
M. Chaudhry
1

  1. Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore-Pakistan
  2. Institute of Continuing Education and Extension, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore-Pakistan
  3. Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore-Pakistan
  4. Office of Research Innovation and Commercialization, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore-Pakistan
  5. Department of Veterinary Surgery and Pet Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore-Pakistan
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Abstract

Selenium is a pivotal micronutrient for microorganisms, humans, and animals, playing essential roles in antioxidant defence, endocrine function, immune response, muscle function and reproduction. Haematopoiesis, the process of blood cell formation in the bone marrow, is a tightly regulated process to ensure the continuous formation of mature blood cells. However, the bone marrow is highly responsive to a wide range of substances, including selenium. As a result, supplementation with this micronutrient has gained attention for its potential impact on haematopoietic activity of the ruminant bone marrow. This review aims to provide an overview of the reasons and forms of selenium supplementation in small ruminants with a particular focus on its impact on caprine and ovine haematopoiesis in the bone marrow. Despite its significance, research on selenium influence on haematopoiesis in small ruminants remains limited. Studies conducted so far have varied in enrolled species, animal age, supplementation type, and material studied. Recent findings suggest that selenium supplementation may enhance overall bone marrow haematopoietic efficiency especially in terms of erythropoiesis, and thrombopoiesis. However, differences in the selenium bioavailability from various supplements, regional variations in supplementation practices, and interactions with other micronutrients underscore the complexity of maximising selenium benefits. These factors highlight the need for further research to optimise selenium supplementation strategies for improved small ruminant health and productivity.
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Authors and Affiliations

A. Snarska
1
D Grzybowska
1

  1. Department and Clinic of Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 14, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
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Abstract

Preliminary results of hydrological investigations carried through at southern shore of Bellsund are presented. Negative meltwater budget of the permafrost was noted for summer 1986. Temperature and total mineralization of waters are varied in space. Temperature of outflowing meltwaters is related to air temperature. Diurnal rhythm of temperature has been distinguished in springs.

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Authors and Affiliations

Stefan Bartoszewski
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Abstract

Diagnostics and decomposition of atmospheric disturbances in a planar flow are considered in this work. The study examines a situation in which the stationary equilibrium temperature of a gas may depend on the vertical coordinate due to external forces. The relations connecting perturbations are analytically established. These perturbations specify acoustic and entropy modes in an arbitrary stratified gas affected by a constant mass force. The diagnostic relations link acoustic and entropy modes, and are independent of time. Hence, they provide an ability to decompose the total vector of perturbations into acoustic and non-acoustic (entropy) parts, and to establish the distribution of energy between the sound and entropy modes, uniquely at any instant. The total energy of a flow is hence determined in its parts which are connected with acoustic and entropy modes. The examples presented in this work consider the equilibrium temperature of a gas, which linearly depends on the vertical coordinate. Individual profiles of acoustic and entropy parts for some impulses are illustrated with plots.

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Authors and Affiliations

Sergey Leble
Anna Perelomova
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Abstract

Energy and spectral efficiency are the main challenges in 5th generation of mobile cellular networks. In this paper, we propose an optimization algorithm to optimize the energy efficiency by maximizing the spectral efficiency. Our simulation results show a significant increase in terms of spectral efficiency as well as energy efficiency whenever the mobile user is connected to a low power indoor base station. By applying the proposed algorithm, we show the network performance improvements up to 9 bit/s/Hz in spectral efficiency and 20 Gbit/Joule increase in energy efficiency for the mobile user served by the indoor base station rather than by the outdoor base station.

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Authors and Affiliations

Bujar Krasniqi
Blerim Rexha
Betim Maloku

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