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Abstrakt

The article discusses the principles of composing inscriptions which might have been familiar to the inhabitants of 18th century Gdańsk. Johann Gottlieb Heinecke’s textbook on Latin stylistics, “Fundamenta stili cultioris”, was one of the most well-known sources of theoretical knowledge on this matter. There are testimonies of the use of the textbook by professors of the Academic Gymnasium: Gottfried Lengnich (1689-1774) and Gottlieb Wernsdorf (1717-1774). Johann Gottlieb Heinecke proposed that inscriptions be primarily divided into ones made in the old style and ones made in the new style. The old style was referred to as lapidaris, while the new one was called stilus recentior. The former assumed brevity and simplicity of expression, while the latter allowed more freedom in terms of the form adopted. The inscriptions made in this latter style also had a more complex and varied vocabulary. According to Heinecke, the optimal structure of an inscription should be tripartite. This universal pattern could have been used everywhere, e.g. in inscriptions on buildings, or on tombstones. This tripartite structure is also present in the extant epitaph of the aforementioned Gottlieb Wernsdorf himself.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Jacek Pokrzywnicki
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Instytut Studiów Klasycznych i Slawistyki, Wydział Filologiczny, Uniwersytet Gdański, ul. Wita Stwosza 55, 80-308 Gdańsk
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Abstrakt

The results of the gas-dynamic calculation of the low-pressure cylinder flow part of the K-220-44 type steam turbine intended for operation at nuclear power plants are presented. The ways of the flow part improvement were determined. Some of those ways include the use of innovative approaches that were not previously used in steam turbines. The design of the new flow part was carried out on the basis of a comprehensive methodology implemented in the IPMFlow software package. The methodology includes gas-dynamic calculations of various levels of complexity, as well as methods for analytical construction of the spatial shape of the blade tracts based on a limited number of parameterized values. The real thermodynamic properties of water and steam were taken into account in 3D calculations of turbulent flows. At the final step, end-to-end 3D calculations of the lowpressure cylinder that consists of 5 stages were performed. The technology of parallel computing was applied in those calculations. It is shown that due to the application of innovative solutions, a significant increase in efficiency can be achieved in the developed low-pressure cylinder.
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Bibliografia

[1] Rosenkranz G.: Myths of Nuclear Energy. How we are deceived by the Energy Lobby. Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung, Brussels 2010.
[2] Duffey R., Pioro I.: Ensuring the Future of Nuclear Power. ASME Mech. Eng. 141(2019), 11, 30–35.
[3] Moore Ch., Brown S., Alparslan U., Cremona E., Alster G.: European Electricity Review 6-month update H1-2021. Ember, July 2021. https://emberclimate.org/project/european-electricity-review-h1-2021/ (accessed 16 Sept. 2021).
[4] Directive 2004/8/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 February 2004 on the promotion of cogeneration based on a useful heat demand in the internal energy market and amending Directive 92/42/EEC. O.J.L 52/50, 11 Feb. 2004, p. 60.
[5] Alparslan U.: Turkey, Ukraine and Western Balkan countries compete for top spot in coal power air pollution in Europe. Ember, May 25, 2021. https://emberclimate.org/commentary/2021/05/25/coal-power-air-pollution/ (accessed 16 Sept. 2021).
[6] Maradin D.: Advantages and disadvantages of renewable energy sources utilization. Int. J. Energ. Econ. Policy 11(2021), 3, 176-183.
[7] Nuclear Power in the European Union. World-Nuclear Assoc. rep. Feb. 2021. https://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/others/europeanunion.aspx (accessed 16 Sept. 2021).
[8] Nuclear Power in the World Today. World-Nuclear Assoc. rep., June 2021. https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/current-and-future-generation/nuclear-powerin-the-world-today.aspx (accessed 16 Sept. 2021).
[9] Ojovan M.I., Lee W.E.: An Introduction to Nuclear Waste Immobilisation. Elsevier, Amsterdam 2005.
[10] Energoatom and Westinghouse strengthen bilateral cooperation. Energoatom. https://www.energoatom.com.ua/en/press_center-19/company-20/p/energoatom_ and_westinghouse_strengthen_bilateral_cooperation-47995 (accessed 20 Sept. 2021).
[11] Hibbs M.: The Future of Nuclear Power in China. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Washington, DC 2018.
[12] EIA Open Data. U.S. Energy Information Administration. https://www.eia.gov/ (accessed 15 Aug. 2021).
[13] Jun G., Kolovratník M., Hoznedl M.: Wet steam flow in 1100 MW turbine. Arch. Thermodyn. 42(2021), 3, 63–85.
[14] Shvetsov V., Galatsan V.: PJSC “Turboatom” works in modernization and improvement of NPP turbines. Bull. National Technical University “KhPI”, ser. Power Heat Eng. Process. Equip. (2007), 2, 6–10 (in Russian).
[15] Lifetime extension of SE ZNPP power units. Zaporizhzhia NPP. https://www.npp.zp.ua/en/activities/lifetime-extension (accessed 15 Sept. 2021).
[16] Nuclear Power in Ukraine. World-Nuclear Association, rep. from Aug. 2021. https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-t-z/ukraine.aspx (accessed 16 Sept. 2021).
[17] Yershov S., Rusanov A., Gardzilewicz A., Lampart P.: Calculations of 3D viscous compressible turbomachinery flows. In: Proc. 2nd Symp. on Comp. Technologies for Fluid/Thermal/Chemical Systems with Industrial Applications. ASME PVP Division Conf., 1-5 August 1999, Boston, PVP, 397.2(1999), 143–154.
[18] Menter F.R.: Two-equation eddy viscosity turbulence models for engineering applications. AIAA J. 32 (1994), 8, 1598–1605.
[19] Rusanov A.V., Lampart P., Pashchenko N.V., Rusanov R.A.: Modelling 3D steam turbine flow using thermodynamic properties of steam IAPWS-95. Pol. Marit. Res. 23(2016), 1, 61–67.
[20] Rusanov A., Rusanov R., Klonowicz P., Lampart P., Zywica G., Borsukiewicz A.: Development and experimental validation of real fluid models for CFD calculation of ORC and steam turbine flows. Materials 14(2021), 6879.
[21] Lampart P., Gardzilewicz A., Rusanov A., Yershov S.: The effect of stator blade compound lean and twist on flow characteristics of a turbine stage - numerical study based on 3D RANS simulations. In: Proc. 2nd Symp. on Comp. Technologies for Fluid/Thermal/Chemical Systems with Industrial Applications, ASME PVP Div. Conf., 1–5 Aug. 1999, Boston 397.2 (1999), 195–204.
[22] Fischer P.F., Venugopal M.: A commercial CFD application on a shared memory multiprocessor using MPI. Editor(s): In: Parallel Computational Fluid Dynamics 1995 (A. Ecer, J. Periaux, N. Satdfuka, S. Taylor, Eds.). North-Holland, 1996, 231– 238.
[23] Rusanov A., Rusanov R., Lampart P.: Designing and updating the flow part of axial and radial-axial turbines through mathematical modeling. Open Eng. 5(2015), 399–410.
[24] Kosiak Yu.F.: Steam Turbine for Nuclear Power Plants. Energia, Moscow 1978 (in Russian).
[25] Akkerman G., Hampel R., Hentshel G.: Investigation of the operating modes of NPP with VVER. Teploenergetika (1976), 11, 85–87 (in Russian).
[26] Miettinen E., Loukia A., Vuorennaia A.: Experience in setting up and operating the turbine unit of the NPP “Loviisa-1”. Teploenergetika (1980), 2, 36–40 (in Russian).
[27] Konovalov G.M., Korsh A.K., Pomerantsev L.I.: Efficiency of serial NPP units with a capacity of 440 MW with VVER 440 reactors. Teploenergetika (1975), 9, 52–56 (in Russian).
[28] Arkadiev B.A.: Nuclear Power Plant Turbine Operation Modes. Energoizdat, Moscow 1986 (in Russian).

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Andrii Rusanov
1
Viktor Subotin
2
Viktor Shvetsov
2
Roman Rusanov
1
Serhii Palkov
1 2
Ihor Palkov
1 2
Marina Chugay
1

  1. The A.N. Podgorny Institute for Mechanical Engineering Problems, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Pozharsky 2/10, 61046 Kharkiv, Ukraine
  2. JSC “Ukrainian Energy Machines” Moskovsky 199, 61037 Kharkiv, Ukraine

Abstrakt

The present paper describes the experimental analysis of heat transfer and friction factor for glass protected three-side artificially roughened rectangular duct solar air heaters (SAHs) having an arrangement of multiple-v and transverse wires (top wall multi-v and two side walls transverse) under the absorber plate, and compares their performance with that of one-side roughened solar air heaters under similar operating conditions. The investigated three-side solar air heaters are characterized by a larger rate of heat transfer and friction factor as compared to one-side artificially roughened SAHs by 24–76% and 4–36%, respectively, for the identical operating parameters. The air temperature below the three-side rugged duct is by 34.6% higher than that of the one-side roughened duct. Three-side solar air heaters are superior as compared to one-side artificially roughened solar air heaters qualitatively and quantitatively both.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Dhananjay Kumar
1

  1. B.A. College of Engineering and Technology, Ghutia, P.O. Barakhurshi Jamshedpur, Jharkhand 832304, India

Abstrakt

Przedstawiono wyniki, pierwszych od 1939 roku, badań Kanału Gliwickiego. Stężenia metali w osadach dennych odzwierciedlają przemysłowy charakter zlewni rzeki Kłodnicy zasilającej kanał. Zakres zmian stężeń wynosił: dla chromu 4,8-463,2 mg Cr/kg, dla kadmu 0,6- 18,2 mg Cd/kg, dla ołowiu 4- 197 mg Pb/kg, dla miedzi 6- 2152 mg Cu/kg, dla manganu 33 - 1664 mg Mn/kg, dla niklu 5-85,2 mg Ni/kg, dla cynku 64-2244 mg Zn/kg, dla żelaza 2080-94080 mg Fe/kg. Obserwowano zależność pomiędzy stężeniem metali a zawartością substancji organicznej w osadach dennych, wskazującą na jej istotną rolę w wiązaniu metali. Przechodzenie metali ciężkich do osadów może być zatem wtórnym skutkiem wzbogacania wody w substancje organiczne. Także zależność pomiędzy sumą stężeń oznaczanych metali a zawartością dominującego żelaza może świadczyć o roli amorficznych tlenków żelaza w wiązaniu metali ciężkich. Kaskadowy charakter kanału i pulsacyjny przepływ wody powodują, że zawartość metali ciężkich w osadach dennych zmniejsza się skokowo w następujących po sobie kolejnych sekcjach kanału. Jednocześnie na długości każdej z sekcji kanału następuje stopniowy wzrost stężeń metali, a wartości maksymalne występują na stanowiskach tuż przed śluzami zamykającymi sekcje. Największy efekt ekologiczny można uzyskać usuwając osady denne z dna kanału na odcinkach o długości około 1 km powyżej każdej ze śluz.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Maciej Kostecki

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