A new expression is proposed to calculate the earth-energy of an earth-air-pipe heat exchanger during winter heating for three kinds of soil in France. An analytical model is obtained by using numerical computation developed in Scilab – a free open source software. The authors showed the comparison between their simple analytical model and experimental results. They showed the influence of different parameters to specify the size of the heat exchanger.

We present computer simulations of a two-way ANOVA gage R&R study to determine the effects on the average speckle width of intensity patterns caused by scattered light reflected from random rough surfaces with different statistical characteristics. We illustrate how to obtain reliable computer data that properly simulate experimental measurements by means of the Fresnel diffraction integral, which represents an accurate analytical model for calculating the propagation of spatially-limited coherent beams that have been phase-modulated after being reflected by the vertical profiles of the generated surfaces. For our description we use four differently generated vertical profiles and five different vertical randomly generated roughness values.

The goal of the article is the description and analyze of the exclusions of the maritime carrier’s liability, regulated in international conventions, known as the Hague-Visby Rules and the Hamburg Rules. Their construction is basically different and indicates, that their creators had quite the opposite approach in the way of regulation of the negative scope of maritime carrier’s liability.

In the article it has been compared each exclusion of liability in both conventions, especially with the consideration of the genuine differences with the carrier’s scope of liability. It has been analyzed the examples of the real cases, that have been ruled on the grounds of the maritime carrier’s liability. It has been also take a try to evaluate if the court’s sentence would be the same on the grounds of both conventions, or rather would be different.

Health psychology was founded as a response to social needs for better understanding and regulation of psychological aspects of biological, mental, and social well-being. Despite initial enthusiasm and optimism in its early days, three decades of development yielded results that are disappointing to many scholars in terms of health psychology practical meaning. Thus, in this paper we review several challenges for health psychology. We believe that health psychology might benefit from revival of aims and values that distinguished the discipline at its onset such as bio-psycho-social perspective that has been narrowed to somatic illness in recent days. Second, more integration is needed in theory and terminology to eliminate overlapping concepts labeled with different names. Furthermore, social practice would benefit from greater responsiveness of health psychologists to new technologies. Finally, health psychology is likely to derive benefits from more general well-established perspectives on diffusion of innovation in social practice. We conclude that health psychology as a practice-related scientific discipline is likely to regain its initial momentum once these problems are solved and novel areas of scientific exploration are identified.