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Abstract

Drug-abuse detection tests are becoming increasingly commonplace in patient care today and provide a rapid and effective method for identifying illicit substances. Occasionally, they may yield a positive result, indicating the presence of a substance, even though the individual has not consumed the suspected drug what sometimes can significantly impact both medical and legal decisions. The study outlines the substances that can lead to false-positive drug test results for amphetamines, cannabinoids, and benzodiazepines. The study’s findings have revealed pivotal insights for patients receiving chronic treatment and their primary care physicians. Notably, amphetamine assays appear to be most prone to cross-reactivity with other substances. The beta-blocker group of medications, confirmed by various studies to interfere with amphetamine assays, could pose a substantial challenge in drug screening given its widespread use. Efavirenz also warrants mention, as it frequently triggers positive results for both benzodiazepine and cannabinoid assays among its users. This research helps highlight new areas for further investigation and aims to guide clinicians in their daily practice, especially when interpreting questionable positive drug-abuse test results. This comprehensive review serves as a valuable resource for clinicians to navigate false-positive scenarios effectively and maintain the highest standard of patient care.
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Authors and Affiliations

Kamil Możdżeń
1
Konrad Kaleta
1
Agnieszka Murawska
1
Jakub Pośpiech
1
ORCID: ORCID
Piotr Panek
1
Barbara Lorkowska-Zawicka
2
Beata Bujak-Giżycka
2

  1. Student Scientific Group of Clinical Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
  2. Depatment of Clinical Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
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Abstract

An accumulation of glacial sediments is located near Písečná village in the depression between the Sokol Ridge

and Zlaté Hory Highlands NNE of Jeseník town (Eastern Sudetes). The accumulation lies at the lateral side

of the mountain valley of the Bělá River and fills a preglacial palaeovalley of this river. Research combining

facies analysis of outcrops, ground penetrating radar survey, interpretation drilling survey, and modelling of

the preglacial relief was undertaken at the site. According to the results obtained, the upper part of the sedimentary

accumulation represents a coarse-grained terminoglacial glaciofluvial delta of the Gilbert type. The

development of the accumulation has dominantly been driven by the preglacial morphology. Facies typical for

foresets of coarse-grained deltas represented mainly by high-density flows, cohesionless debris flows, debris

falls and less common low-density flows were found in the outcrops. The delta near Písečná prograded into

a lake dammed by the ice-sheet front in the north. The lake was bounded by the slopes of Sokol Ridge, Zlaté

Hory Highlands and Góry Parkowe on other sides. The lake level reached an altitude of up to 430 m a.s.l., as

the coarse-grained delta plain base lies at this level.

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Authors and Affiliations

Martin Hanáček
Slavomír Nehyba
Daniel Nývlt
Zuzana Skácelová
Barbora Procházková
Zbynek Engel

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