On the basis of the distinctly biplicate and carinate leaves in the distal portion Grimmia lawiana J.H. Willis, the only continental Antarctic endemic moss species, is transferred to the genus Coscinodon Spreng. and the new combination C. lawianus (J.H. Willis) Ochyra is proposed. The species is described and illustrated, its affinities are discussed and its geographical distribution in the Antarctic is mapped. Grimmia reflexidens Müll. Hal., a southern South American endemic species from Chile , is briefly assessed and this species is also shifted to Coscinodon as C. reflexidens (Müll. Hal.) Ochyra, comb. nov. A key to all species of the genus Coscinodon is presented. Guembelia longirostris (Hook.) Ochyra et Żarnowiec is reported for the first time from the Antarctic on the basis of a specimen collected from the Nordenskjöld Coast on the eastern coast of the Antarctic Peninsula.
The paper presents the impact of the reformed EU ETS (Emission Trading Scheme – ETS in
the European Union) on the currently operating market for trading in CO2 emission allowances.
The new Directive introduced a number of changes aimed at tightening the climate policy, which
the Polish energy sector based mainly on hard coal may mean an increase in the costs of electricity
production, and thus an increase in the cost of the entire economy.
The main goal of the changes is to achieve one of the objectives the European Union has set for itself,
i.e. the reduction of CO2 emissions by 40% until the year 2030. These assumptions are the result of
joint arrangements of the EU countries under the Paris Agreement on climate change adopted in 2015.
The Directive introduces a new market stability reserve mechanism (MSR) which, according to its
assumptions, is designed to ensure a demand and supply balance of the ETS. Bearing the balance in
mind, it means the reduction of excess allowances, which, although their number is decreasing, it is
decreasing to slowly according to EU legislators, still oscillating around 2 billion EUA.
The paper also draws attention to the rigorous assumptions adopted in the new Directive, aimed at
increasing the price of CO2, that is the costs in electricity production. Due to manually-controlled
prices, are we doomed to high CO2 prices and therefore the prices of electricity? What are its estimated
maximum levels? Will the new assumptions encourage the Member States to switch to lowcarbon
technologies? Can they weaken the economies of countries that are currently based mainly
on coal energy sources, and strengthen countries where green energy is developed?
The future and development of energy is one of the most important problems in both domestic and global politics. Limiting the use of fossil fuels in the energy sector results from new legal conditions related to the protection of the natural environment. These changes require the development of a new energy strategy, taking the limits of greenhouse gas emissions in the European Union and the requirements of the Community energy policy into account. One of the documents affecting the structure of Poland’s energy mix is the Directive on renewable energy sources (2009/28/EC). Poland has committed to achieving the goal of a 15% share of energy from renewable sources (RES) in gross final energy consumption by 2020. Current changes in Polish RES support systems – in particular the transition from the system of green certificates to auctions for green energy – may threaten the achievement of the above-mentioned goal. The article analyzes whether Poland will meet renewable energy obligations by 2020 under the current conditions. In addition, the article presents current energy consumption in the world and in the country, legal conditions taken into account when creating the country’s energy mix and forecasts of renewable energy demand.
This article presents the results of experimental studies of simultaneous transmission of ultrasonic waves and laser signals in optical fibers by the use of both the optical single mode and multimode fiber couplers. This work was aimed, among other things, at the study of the way the acoustic energy affects a laser beam. The light wave was guided into one of the coupler's arms. The optical power applied to one input of the coupler is separated into two coupler outputs according to the rate determined by the coupling coefficient. Only an ultrasonic wave generated by a sandwich type transducer is applied to the other arm of the coupler. In this experiment, as in case of the light wave, the acoustic power is separated into both the outputs. One can observe the interaction of both the waves on the two outputs - a modulation of the light wave by means of the ultrasonic wave is possible. The output signal was detected using a PIN diode and an optical power meter (OPM). Temporary courses were observed on an oscilloscope screen. The simultaneous transmission of ultrasounds and optical radiation in optical fibers can be used in the construction of medical equipment.
The paper describes the formulation and implementation of the broadband finite element time domain algorithm. The presented formalism is valid to analysis of electromagnetic phenomena in linear, frequency selective materials. The complex profile of permittivity of materials is approximated using a set of the Lorentz resonance models. The solution of the integro-differential second order equation is obtained using a singlestep integration scheme and a recursive convolution algorithm. The discussed formulation enables to adopt the structure of the narrowband part as well as the phase of calculation of the convolution equations for the subsequent components. The properties of the algorithm are validated using a finite difference broadband algorithm.
This paper presents the possibility to apply numerical simulation in static analysis of reinforcedconcrete structure strengthened with carbon fibre reinforced polymer composite strips (CFRP).Reinforced concrete beams, with strengthening in form values CFRP made of carbon fibres andepoxy resin, featuring various width, as well as non-strengthened bent beams, were analysed. Thesimply supported beams arranged in a free support scheme were subjected to two concentratedforces within full range of loading (until collapse). The numerical analysis was performed throughapplication of the Finite Elements Method (FEM), and the calculation model applied took intoaccount the geometric and physical nonlinearity. The problem was solved by application of thequasi-staticstrategy method of calculations using ABAQUS software. While analysing the results,we focused on the run of changes in structure displacement and development of material damage,up to the point of destruction of the beam.