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Number of results: 6
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Abstract

The present article aims at identifying four types of metonymic mappings: formal, referential, propositional and illocutionary, as described by Bierwiaczonek (2013), in English X-phemisms. The use of X-phemisms in language is strictly connected with the rules of politeness functioning in communication. X-phemisms encompass euphemisms and orthophemisms that are used by language users to avoid dispreferred tabooed words, as well as dysphemisms which assume a deliberate use of a tabooed expression in order to offend, show disapproval or express negative feelings. Although linguists have listed a number of various mechanisms used in the creation of X-phemisms, often including metonymy as one of the rhetorical tools, it will be claimed that metonymy, understood as a conceptual process, may be also identifi ed in other linguistic means applied by English speakers to X-phemism creation.

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Authors and Affiliations

Marcin Kuczok
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Abstract

This article concerns assessing the dynamical properties and shape optimization of railway transition curves (TCs) for the wide range – 600, 900, 1200, 2000, 3000, and 4000 m – of circular arc radii. The search for the optimum shape means in the current article the evaluation of the curve properties based on chosen dynamical quantities and generation of such shapes with use of a mathematically understood optimization method. As a transition curve in the studies performed, the authors adopted a polynomial of n-th degree, where n = 9 and 11. In the study one model of rail vehicle was used. The model represented 2-axle freight car of the average values of parameters. The authors took the so-called standard transition curves of 9th and 11th degrees, and 3rd degree parabola as initial transition curves in the optimization processes. As quality functions (evaluation criteria) the authors used three functions concerning lateral and vertical vehicle dynamics, and creepages in wheel-rail contact. In this work, the results of the optimization – types of the curvatures of the optimum transition curves – were presented and compared.
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Authors and Affiliations

Krzysztof Zboinski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Piotr Woznica
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Transport, ul. Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

The paper presents a study of Rotary Electrical Discharge Machining (REDM) process. In REDM, simple shaped cylindrical electrodes are used to generate 3D complex shapes. A theoretical model of machining process is described, which takes into consideration the effect of tool electrode wear on machined surface profile. The software for computer simulation of REDM has been developed. In the paper, the effects of machining parameters on shape error of machined surface are discussed. Results of computer simulation have been confirmed in experimental practice. The simulation model for NC contouring REDM may also be applied to solving numerical control problems and optimization of tool electrode path.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jerzy Kozak
Zbigniew Gulbinowicz
Dorota Gulbinowicz
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Abstract

W 1969 roku miała miejsce XXIV Sesja Generalna ONZ na temat aktualnego stanu środowiska na świecie. Raport U. Thanta ostrzegał przed postępującą degradacją natury. Konieczna stała się zmiana systemu wartości. Od lat 70. ochrona przyrody jest priorytetem. Rozpoczęła się era budownictwa zrównoważonego, w którym słońce odgrywa kluczową rolę. Celem artykułu jest przypomnienie istotności słońca w kształtowaniu architektury na przestrzeni wieków, oraz próba oceny jego ważności w przyszłości budownictwa.
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Authors and Affiliations

Michał Ciuła
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Abstract

The aim of this article is to give a brief overview of the reorientation of Polish historiography at the end of 19th and the beginning of 20th centuries. The writings of Feliks Koneczny are analysed as a case study in this context.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jolanta Kolbuszewska
ORCID: ORCID
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Abstract

Th e article presents results of examinations of the technology and technique of the creation of an 18th-century painting kept in the collections of the Castle in Kórnik. Th e structure of the painting was examined for the very fi rst time using a combination of non-invasive and micro-invasive techniques, including non-destructive imaging techniques such as roentgenography (X-ray), ultraviolet refl ectography (UVR), ultraviolet fl uorescence (UVF), visible refl ectography (VIS), infrared refl ectography (IR), as well as techniques of imaging using false colour: ultraviolet (UVFC) and infrared (IRFC). Th e chemical composition of the painting layers was checked with the help of microchemical and instrumental methods: X-ray fl uorescence (XRF), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), electron microscopy (SEM-EDS) and gas chromatography (GC). Th e tests were aimed at the identifi cation of the pigments and binders used by the artist and determination of the state of preservation of the work.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jarosław Rogóż
1
ORCID: ORCID
Solongo Gansukh
2
ORCID: ORCID
Adam Cupa
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Katedra Technologii i Technik Sztuk PlastycznychWydział Sztuk Pięknych UMK
  2. Szkoła doktorska Academia Artium Humaniorum UMK

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