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Abstract

The effect of modifications in epi-side (top) gold metallization on a thermal performance and on power roll-over of blue-vio- let III-N-based p-up edge-emitting ridge-waveguide laser diode (RW EEL) was explored in this paper. The calculations were carried out using a two-dimensional self-consistent electrical-thermal model combined with a simplified optical model tuned to a RW EEL fabricated in the Institute of High Pressure Physics (Unipress). Our results suggest that with proper modifica- tions in the III-N-based RW EEL, excluding modifications in its inner structure, it is possible to considerably improve the thermal performance and, thus, increase the maximal output power.

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Authors and Affiliations

M. Kuc
R.P. Sarzała
S. Stańczyk
P. Perlin
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Abstract

The purpose of the work was to determine the morphology of graphite that occurs in vermicular cast iron, both in the as-cast state and after heat treatment including austenitization (held at a temperature of 890 °C or 960 °C for 90 or 150 min) and isothermal quenching (i.e. austempering, at a temperature of 290 °C or 390 °C for 90 or 150 min). In this case, the aim here was to investigate whether the heat treatment performed, in addition to the undisputed influence of the cast iron matrix on the formation of austenite and ferrite, also affects the morphology of the vermicular graphite precipitates and to what extent. The investigations were carried out for the specimens cut from test coupons cast in the shape of an inverted U letter (type IIb according to the applicable standard); they were taken from the 25mm thick walls of their test parts. The morphology of graphite precipitates in cast iron was investigated using a Metaplan 2 metallographic microscope and a Quantimet 570 Color image analyzer. The shape factor F was calculated as the quotient of the area of given graphite precipitation and the square of its perimeter. The degree of vermicularization of graphite was determined as the ratio of the sum of the graphite surface and precipitates with F <0.05 to the total area occupied by all the precipitations of the graphite surface. The examinations performed revealed that all the heat-treated samples made of vermicular graphite exhibited the lower degree of vermicularization of the graphite compared to the corresponding samples in the as-cast state (the structure contains a greater fraction of the nodular or nearly nodular precipitates). Heat treatment also caused a reduction in the average size of graphite precipitates, which was about 225μm2 for the as-cast state, and dropped to approximately 170-200 μm2 after the austenitization and austempering processes.
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Bibliography

[1] Sorelmetal, On the nodular cast iron. (2006). Warsaw: Ed. Metals & Minerals Ltd.
[2] Tupaj, M., Orłowicz, A. W., Mróz, M., Kupiec, B., et al. (2020). Ultrasonic Testing of Vermicular Cast Iron Microstructure. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 20(4), 36-40. DOI: 10.24425/afe.2020.133345.
[3] Guzik, E. & Kleingartner, T. (2009). A study on the structure and mechanical properties of vermicular cast iron with pearlitic-ferritic matrix. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 9(3), 55-60.
[4] Zhang, M.X., Pang, J.C., Qiu, Y., Li, S.X., et al. (2020). Influence of microstructure on the thermo-mechanical fatigue behavior and life of vermicular graphite cast irons. Materials Science & Engineering A. 771, 138617.DOI: 10.1016/J.MSEA.2019.138617.
[5] Zhang, Y., Guo, E., Wang, L., Zhao, S., et al. (2020). Effect of the matrix structure on vermicular graphite cast iron properties. International Journal of Materials Research. 111(5), 379-384. DOI: 10.3139/146.111891.
[6] Qiaoqin, G., Zhong, Y., Ding, G., Dong, T. et al. (2019). Research on the oxidation mechanism of vermicular graphite cast iron. Materials. 12, 3130; DOI: 10.3390/ma12193130.
[7] Perzyk, M., Waszkiewicz, S., Kaczorowski, M., Jopkiewicz, A. (2000). Foundry. Warsaw: ED. Science and Technology.
[8] Kosowski, A. (2008). Foundations of foundry. Krakow: Ed. Scientific Akapit.
[9] Soiński, M.S. & Warchala, T. (2006). Cast iron moulds for glassmaking industry. Archives of Foundry. 6(19), 289-294.
[10] Warchala, T. (1988). Metallurgy and iron founding. Part 1 The structure and properties of cast iron. Ed. Częstochowa University of Technology.
[11] Andrsova, Z., Volesky, L. (2012). The potential of isothermally hardened iron with vermicular graphite. Comat 2021. Recent trends in structural materials. 21 - 22. 11. 2012, Plzeň, Czech Republic, EU.
[12] Gumienny, G. & Kacprzyk, B. (2018). Copper in Ausferritic Compacted Graphite Iron. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 18(1), 162-166. DOI: 10.24425/118831.
[13] Pytel, A., Gazda, A. (2014) Evaluation of selected properties in austempered vermicular cast iron (AVCI). Transactions of Foundry Research Institute. LIV(4), 23-31. DOI: 10.7356/iod.2014.18.
[14] Andršová, Z., Kejzlar, P., Švec, M. & Skrbek, B. (2017). The effect of heat treatment on the structure and mechanical properties of austempered iron with vermicular graphite. Materials Science Forum. 891, 242-248. DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.891.242.
[15] Kazazi, A., Montazeri, S.M. & Boutorabi, S.M.A. (2020). The austempering kinetics, microstructural development, and processing window in the austempered, Fe-3.2C-4.8Al compacted graphite cast iron. Iranian Journal of Materials Science and Engineering. 17(4), 46-54. DOI: 10.22068/ijmse.17.4.46.
[16] Jakubus, A., Kostrzewa, J., Ociepa, E. (2021). The influence of parameters of heat treatment on the microstructure and strength properties of the ADI and the AVGI irons. METAL 2021, 30th Anniversary International Conference on Metallurgy and Materials. May 26 - 28, 2021, Brno, Czech Republic, EU (pp.34-39). DOI: 10.37904/metal.2021.4082.
[17] Podrzucki, C. (1991). Cast iron. Structure, properties, applications. vol. 1 and 2, Cracow: Ed. ZG STOP. (in Polish).
[18] Soiński, M.S. & Mierzwa, P. (2011). Effectiveness of cast iron vermicularization including ‘conditioning’ of the alloy. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 11(2), 133-138.
[19] Warchala, T. (1995). Metallurgy and iron founding. Part 2 Cast iron technology. Ed. Czestochowa University of Technology.
[20] Mierzwa, P. & Soiński, M.S. (2010). The effect of thermal treatment on the mechanical properties of vermicular cast iron. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 10(spec.1), 99-102.
[21] Mierzwa, P., Soiński, M.S. (2012). Austempered cast iron with vermicular graphite. 70th World Foundry Congress (WFC 2012): Monterrey, Mexico, April 2012, (pp. 25-27).
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Authors and Affiliations

M.S. Soiński
1
A. Jakubus
1
ORCID: ORCID
B. Borowiecki
1
P. Mierzwa
2

  1. The Jacob of Paradies University in Gorzów Wielkopolski, ul. Teatralna 25, 66-400 Gorzów Wielkopolski, Poland
  2. Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland
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Abstract

Probiotics and prebiotics are viable bacteria with beneficial effects on the host and components that selectively act on the beneficial commensal bacteria, respectively. The combined use of probiotics and prebiotics is termed synbiotics. Probiotic intake improves dysbiosis in the intestinal microbiota and can positively affect canine atopic dermatitis (CAD). However, clinical studies on improvements in CAD using synbiotics remain limited.
In this study, 15 dogs with CAD who received prednisolone, a synthetic glucocorticoid (GC) used in the treatment of CAD, for more than 90 days were continuously treated with Lactobacillus paracasei M-1 from fermented food as a probiotic, and trisaccharide kestose as a prebiotic, for 90 days to determine their synbiotic effects on CAD. The CAD symptoms were evaluated using the canine atopic dermatitis lesion index (CADLI) and pruritus visual analog scores (PVAS) at 30, 60 and 90 days after synbiotic administration. The total prednisolone use for 90 days pre- and post-administration was also evaluated.
Synbiotic administration significantly reduced the CADLI (pre: median, 28.0 [22.0-32.0]; 30 days: median, 20.0 [20.0−28.0]; 60 days: median, 20.0 [10.0−21.0]; 90 days: median, 12.0 [10.0-19.0]) and PVAS (pre: median, 6.0 [5.0-7.0]; 30 days: median, 3.0 [3.0-3.5]; 60 days: median, 3.0 [3.0-3.5]; 90 days: median, 2.0 [2.0-3.5]) scores, and reduced the total prednisone use over 90 days (pre: 112.0 [25-450] mg; post: 80.0 [18.-300.0] mg; p<0.001) in the 15 dogs. Thus, the synbiotic activity of L. paracasei M-1 and trisaccharide kestose can improve CAD.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

K. Kawano
1 2
K. Iyori
3
N. Kondo
2 4 5
S. Yamakawa
2 4 5
T. Fujii
6
K. Funasaka
2
Y. Hirooka
2 6
T. Tochio
6

  1. Tokyo Animal Allergy Center, Adachi-ku, Tokyo 123-0842, Japan
  2. Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
  3. Vet Derm Tokyo, Dermatological and Laboratory Service for Animals, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0823, Japan
  4. Research and Development Division, Itochu Sugar Co., Ltd., Hekinan, Aichi 447-8506, Japan
  5. WELLNEO SUGAR Co., Ltd., Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-8536, Japan
  6. Department of Medical Research on Prebiotics and Probiotics, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
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Abstract

This article presents measurements of the thickness of alcohol-based coatings on sand foundry cores and moulds. These coatings were applied using two methods, the dipping method and the painting method. For the purposes of the study, a zircon alcohol-based coating was prepared with three different levels of nominal viscosity; very thin at 10s, average at 20s, and thick at 30s. The coating was applied to a core made of quartz sand and furan resin. The cores were made of sand with three different grain sizes; dL = 0.22 mm – fine sand, dL = 0.33 mm medium sand, and dL = 0.47 mm coarse sand. In the study, the thickness of the coating obtained to the core was measured immediately after application as well as after drying. Additionally, the extent of penetration into the intergranular spaces of the core matrix was measured. On the basis of this study, the impact of the grain size of the core matrix on the thickness of the coating and its penetration into the core was assessed. The thickness of coatings obtained using different application methods was also assessed.

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Authors and Affiliations

Ł. Jamrozowicz
J. Kolczyk-Tylka
A. Siatko

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