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Abstract

As a result of the development of industrial organic synthesis, the output of secondary processes in oil processing is becoming increasingly diverse. Production volume is a nodal indicator that is limited by the available production capacity, equipment configuration and the monetary equivalent of energy costs. In order to determine the technological potential and cost of produced petroleum products, it is necessary to create a complex that includes all stages of production. The most important criterion for evaluating the energy efficiency of an oil refinery is the relative energy consumption, which depends on its complexity. This criterion can be presented as a set of the different types of energy resources used in the course of production and applied to the total production. For this purpose, the energy resources invested in the given technology should be referred to a finished product or raw material. The peculiarity of oil refineries is that, due to the variety of oil derivatives, energy consumption, as a set of different installations, is much more appropriate to relate not to individual target products but to the amount of processed oil. In practice, all types of energy carriers must be converted to an equivalent value. This paper provides an in-depth analysis of the energy costs of oil refineries. The collection of energy flows of different types and dimensions is the subject of the present study. Based on this, a method is presented that allows a comparison of the energy efficiency of refineries with different capacity and configuration of crude oil processing stages based on the energy index and the equivalent distillation performance.
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Authors and Affiliations

Konstantin Vasilev Kostov
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ivan Ivov Ivanov
1
ORCID: ORCID
Koycho Tonchev Atanasov
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Manufacturing and Thermal Engineering, Technical University of Sofia, Faculty of Engineering and Pedagogy of Sliven, Bulgaria
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Abstract

During drilling through aquifers using the rotary drilling method with drilling fluid application, the phenomenon of formation clogging in near-well zone takes place. This leads to physical changes in pore spaces in consequence of the deposition solid phase particles originating from the drilling fluid. Due to this fact, filtration velocity in the clogged zones of the aquifer formation decreases, which results in increased pressure drawdown and decreased well hydraulic efficiency. Therefore, it causes a reduction of the well total capacity. The article consists of studies connected to the development of the mud which will constitute the basis for a complex mud system intended for hydrogeological drilling in different encountered geological conditions. In the framework of laboratory research, technological parameters of six, commonly applied in oil and gas industry, polymer agents as well as new agent developed at the Drilling, Oil and Gas Faculty AGH-UST in Krakow were examined. The undertaken studies showed that the new agent, marked as CAGEx, provides the required technological parameters and can be applied as a base for drilling muds intended for hydrogeological drilling. The undertaken industrial research of the new CAGEx drilling mud carried out while drilling water intake well, confirmed the great stability of its technological parameters as well as insignificant influence on rock permeability damage in filter zone. The water intake well is characterized by high hydraulic efficiency and does not require additional activation treatment.

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Authors and Affiliations

Jan Macuda
Jakub Siemek
Sławomir Wysocki
Magdalena Gaczoł
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Abstract

The paper aims at presenting selected notes and remarks on corpora and corpus linguistics. It starts with a brief history of corpus linguistics. It occurs that although corpus linguistics is a relatively young branch of linguistics, it managed to revolutionise all branches of linguistics. Afterwards, the notion of corpus anddifferent types of corpora are discussed . In general, we can say that, on the one hand, there are annotated and unannotated corpora, and, on the other, diachronic and synchronic ones. In the following sections of the article the notions of corpus composition, annotation, size and representativeness are discussed, and towards the end of the paper a list of the advantages of corpus linguistics is presented and some further conclusions drawn.

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Authors and Affiliations

Ireneusz Kida
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Abstract

Soil erosion is an important factor that should be considered when planning renewable natural resource projects, effects of which can be measured by modelling techniques. Therefore, disintegration models determine soil loss intensity and support soil conservation practices. This study estimates soil loss rates by water erosion using the Erosion Potential Method (EPM) in the Kebir Rhumel Watershed located in Northeast Algeria. The area is north to south sub-humid to semi-arid, receives irregular rainfall, and has steep slopes and low vegetation cover which makes it very vulnerable to erosion. The main factors in the EPM (soil erodibility, soil protection, slope, temperature, and rainfall) were evaluated using the Geographical Information System (GIS) and data provided by remote sensing technologies. The erosion intensity coefficient Z was 0.60, which indicates medium erosion intensity. While the results showed the average annual soil erosion of 17.92 Mg∙ha–1∙y–1, maximum and minimum losses are 190.50 Mg∙ha–1∙y–1 and 0.21 Mg∙ha–1∙y–1, respectively. The EPM model shows satisfactory results compared to some studies done in the basin, where the obtained results can be used for more appropriate management of land and water resources, sustainable planning, and environmental protection.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Amer Zeghmar
1
ORCID: ORCID
Nadir Marouf
1
ORCID: ORCID
Elhadj Mokhtari
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University of Larbi-Ben-M’hidi, Faculty of Sciences and Applied Sciences, Department of Hydraulic, Laboratory of Functional Ecology and Environment, Laboratory of Natural Resources and Management of Sensitive Environments, PO Box 358, 04000 Oum El Bouaghi, Algeria
  2. University Mohamed Boudiaf M’sila, Faculty of Technology, Department of Hydraulic, Algeria
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Abstract

In the paper the issue connected with water network failure regarding the soil conditions was presented. Water pipes constitute a large part of water company asset. Therefore the analysis concerning the influence of soil conditions into failure occurrence of water pipe is crucial for proper functioning of water supply systems (WSS). In the performed studies the real data from the operation of the exemplary WSS was obtained. The following properties of the ground conditions were taken into consideration among others: the chemical composition and ground phase, based on analysis performed through the following equipment, as the electron microscope with X-ray spectrometer detector and backscattered electrons (BSE) using the powder Debye-Sherrer’s method and X-ray diffractometer. The analysis indicate dependence between soil conditions and corrosivity occurrence, what indicate the importance of performed analysis.

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Authors and Affiliations

A. Pękala
K. Pietrucha-Urbanik
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Abstract

Information is presented concerning amphipod crustaceans eaten by three penguin species breeding on King George Island: Pygoscelis adeliae, P. antarctica and P. papua. In their stomachs 10 gammaridean and 3 hyperiidean amphipod species were found. The most abundant species was Parathemisto gaudichaudii. Noteworthy are the records of recently described and still poorly known species: Eusirus propeperdentatus and Eusirus cf. tridentatus. Some 15% of all amphipod specimens found in penguin stomachs were benthic species that are very common in the Antarctic littoral and which probably swarm.

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Authors and Affiliations

Krzysztof Jażdżewski
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Abstract

Blockchain is a technology, which could revolutionize many industries in the future. A system like that is based on a chain of blocks that is used for storing and transferring various data, forming a decentralized ledger. Although various fundamental projects based on the blockchain system in the energy industry are in their early stage of development, as well as other solutions, applications of blockchain technology in the broadly understood power engineering sector are considered to have a very large potential. This paper presents a brief description of the blockchain technology, its general operating principle and the possibilities it brings. The next section of the article contains a characterization of two exemplary and possible blockchain technology applications, which in the perspective of time may have a significant impact on the power engineering sector. The first solution is related to carrying out energy transactions, which could be conducted in an easy way directly between energy producers and consumers. Thanks to blockchain technology, this could lead to a partial decentralization in that area. The second proposed example concerns energy resources origin tracking, which would allow fixed origin attributes and parameters affecting the environment to be assigned to the generated energy. By implementing that solution, it would be possible to construct a fuel footprint of individual generating units. The article also mentions examples of other potential applications of blockchain technology in the power engineering sector.

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Authors and Affiliations

Daniel Mrowiec
Michał Sołtysik
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Abstract

The work deals with experimental and numerical thermodynamic analyses of cross-flow finned tube heat exchangers of the gas-liquid type. The aim of the work is to determine an impact of the gas non-uniform inlet on the heat exchangers performance. The measurements have been carried out on a special testing rig and own numerical code has been used for numerical simulations. Analysis of the experimental and numerical results has shown that the range of the non-uniform air inlet to the considered heat exchangers may be significant and it can significantly affect the heat exchanger efficiency.

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Authors and Affiliations

Tomasz Bury
Jan Składzień
Katarzyna Widziewicz
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Abstract

In the article a short historical outline of noise control conferences organized in Poland is given. Those conferences with the participation of Polish specialists have been organized since 1964; since 1976 they have been evolved into International Noise Control Conferences. Silhouettes of four Polish scientists, which have made a large contribution to the noise and vibration control in Poland, are presented. Also the current state of threats by noise and vibrations have been briefly mentioned. The significance of such conferences has been emphasized.

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Authors and Affiliations

Zbigniew Engel
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Abstract

In a dynamic machining process, distortion in surface irregularity is a very complex phenomenon. Surface irregularities form a periodic representation of the tool profile with various kinds of disturbance in a broad range of changes in the height and length of the profile. To discern these irregularity disturbances, interactions of the tool in the form of changes perpendicular and parallel relative to the workpiece were analyzed and simulated. The individual kinds of displacement of the tool relative to the workpiece introduce distortions in the changes of height and length. These changes are weakly represented in standard height and length irregularity parameters and their discernment has been found through amplitude-frequency functions.

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Authors and Affiliations

Adam Boryczko
Wojciech Rytlewski
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Abstract

This paper is a form of a report on conservation repairs on the internal walls of the semibasement of the Castle in Kórnik. One key element of these works is the desalination of the cellar walls. The excessive amount of salt results from a number of measures undertaken towards the end of the 19th c. and in the early 20th c., in order to rescue the architectural gem against a disaster. Carried out in the early 1950s, the cebertization (petrification of soil) proved to be the most spectacular measure leading to the stabilization of the structure. Unfortunately, however, this operation generates a side effect in the form of a huge amount of harmful salts, which permeate from the soil into the castle walls, leading to their gradual destruction.
In view of the progressing degradation of the walls in the castle cellars, measures leading to the elimination of the increased level of dampness and the damaging salts in the walls were implemented as of 2012. After works stabilising the level of dampness were carried out, the process of desalination, i.e. removal of salt from the structure of the walls, was undertaken as the subsequent stage – and is currently in progress. Special compresses placed onto the surface of the salinated building are used for the purpose.
The scale of the facility and the complexity of desalination itself resulting from the size and heterogeneity of the semibasement walls enforced the necessity to determine the appropriate scope of the works and assign them individually to each wall in the particular parts of the cellars. In the course of a year, in three stages, the majority of the wall surface was successfully covered with the first compress. The desalination method adopted does not bring about instant results, and the possibility to assess its final effects requires time.
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Authors and Affiliations

Katarzyna Wypych
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Biblioteka Kórnicka
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Abstract

The Epistle of Barnabas, usually included in the works of the Apostolic Fathers, is an anonymous text written in koiné Greek. It was probably composed between the end of the First and the beginning of the Second Century in an Egyptian or Syro-Palestinian setting. The text is made up of two parts: the first one has an anti-Judaic apologetic nature; the second one is instructive and paraenetical. The Latin version of the Epistle (L), which is useful in the constitutio textus of the original too, concerns the first of the two parts. An analysis of the language and of the technique of translation allows asserting that L was probably compiled in Rome between the end of the Second and the beginning of the Third Century. Moreover, its main features may be identified in the literality and in the linguistic and stylistic popularity. The literality is both quantitative and distributional: the changes are usually narrow (except expressions which introduce Biblical quotations) and concern parts which may be considered accessory by a semantic point of view. The popular style is due to the attention the translator pays to the needs of the sociocultural situation of the readers and is confirmed by the presence of rhetorical figures as alliteration. These two characteristics, which are typical of Latin translations of Greek Patristic texts compiled between the end of the Second and the beginning of the Third Century, are due to stylistic choices which are homogeneously and congruently applied. Moreover, in L these characteristics are strictly bound, because the sermo humilis characterizes the Greek text too.

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Authors and Affiliations

Annalisa Dentesano
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Abstract

Profiles of the three Polish humanists as remembered by prof. Michał Głowiński.
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Authors and Affiliations

Michał Głowiński
1 2

  1. członek rzeczywisty PAN
  2. Instytut Badań Literackich PAN, Warszawa

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