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Number of results: 7
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Abstract

Plant viruses cause crop losses in agronomically and economically important crops, making global food security a challenge. Although traditional plant breeding has been effective in controlling plant viral diseases, it is unlikely to solve the problems associated with the frequent emergence of new and more virulent virus species or strains. As a result, there is an urgent need to develop alternative virus control strategies that can be used to more easily contain viral diseases. A better understanding of plant defence mechanisms will open up new avenues for research into plant- pathogen interactions and the development of broad-spectrum virus resistance.
The scientific literature was evaluated and structured in this review, and the results of the reliability of the methods of analysis used were filtered. As a result, we described the molecular mechanisms by which viruses interact with host plant cells.
To develop an effective strategy for the control of plant pathogens with a significant intensity on the agricultural market, clear and standardised recommendations are required. The current review will provide key insights into the molecular underpinnings underlying the coordination of plant disease resistance, such as main classes of resistance genes, RNA interference, and the RNA-mediated adaptive immune system of bacteria and archaea – clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated Cas proteins – CRISPR/Cas.
Future issues related to resistance to plant viral diseases will largely depend on integrated research to transfer fundamental knowledge to applied problems, bridging the gap between laboratory and field work.
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Authors and Affiliations

Nurgul Iksat
1
ORCID: ORCID
Zhaksylyk Masalimov
1
ORCID: ORCID
Rustem Omarov
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Satbayeva St. 2, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
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Abstract

Coal is the main energy source in China, but its underground mining causes surface subsidence, which seriously damages the ecological and living environments. How to calculate subsidence accurately is a core issue in evaluating mining damage. At present, the most commonly used method of calculation is the Probability Integral Method (PIM), based on a normal distribution. However, this method has limitations in thick topsoil (thickness > 100 m), in that the extent of the calculated boundary of the subsidence basin is smaller than its real extent, and this has an undoubted impact on the accurate assessment of the extent of mining damage. Therefore, this paper introduces a calculation model for surface subsidence based on a Cauchy distribution for thick topsoil conditions. This not only improves the accuracy of calculation at the subsidence basin boundary, but also provides a universal method for the calculation of surface subsidence.

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Authors and Affiliations

Yue Jiang
Rafał Misa
ORCID: ORCID
Krzysztof Tajduś
ORCID: ORCID
Anton Sroka
ORCID: ORCID
Yan Jiang
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Abstract

Body size is an important measure in biology and especially in paleobiology. With respect to fossil penguins from the Eocene La Meseta Formation of Seymour Island (West Antarctica) the overall size has to be judged from the dimensions of single bones. The analysis based on selected measurements of hind limb bones from the Polish collection of Eocene Ant­arctic penguins yielded results supporting predictions published formerly. Estimated body masses and lengths indicate that mean interspecific body size of extinct Antarctic Spheniscidae exceeded that of Recent species.

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Authors and Affiliations

Piotr Jadwiszczak
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Abstract

Cykl życia obudowy wyrobisk korytarzowych rozpoczyna się zdefiniowaniem potrzeby opracowania nowej obudowy lub doborem obudowy typowej, a kończy jej wyrabowaniem, podsadzeniem wyrobiska lub przejściem w zawał. Czas życia – funkcjonowania – zależy od przeznaczenia wyrobiska i może zmieniać się od kilku miesięcy do wielu lat. Na przestrzeni tego czasu, w różnych etapach stosowane są specjalistyczne programy komputerowe CAE (ang. Computer Aided Engineering – komputerowe wspomaganie prac inżynierskich) wspomagające projektantów i użytkowników w projektowaniu i użytkowaniu obudowy. W Głównym Instytucie Górnictwa powstało wiele programów wspomagających projektowanie i dobór obudowy wyrobisk korytarzowych. Należy tu wymienić opisane dalej programy do projektowania odrzwi, doboru obudowy, oceny jej stanu technicznego oraz zbierania informacji o jej pracy w wyrobisku. Pierwszym programem stosowanym w procesie projektowania obudowy jest program ODRZWIA. Pozwala on na zaprojektowanie geometrii odrzwi obudowy. Użytkownik wprowadza parametry poszczególnych elementów – długości i promienie krzywizny oraz określa wielkość zakładek. Dysponując geometrią odrzwi możliwe jest określenie ich parametrów podpornościowch, w czym stosowane jest komercyjne oprogramowanie do analiz wytrzymałościowych. Uzyskane z analiz parametry podpornościowe są wykorzystywane w procesie doboru obudowy, w którym stosowany jest program UZDO, oparty na „Uproszczonych zasadach doboru obudowy...” (Rułka red. 2001) W programie tym po zdefiniowaniu parametrów skał i górotworu w otoczeniu wyrobiska oblicza się obciążenie, jakie będzie działać na obudowę, a po wybraniu z wbudowanego katalogu konkretnych odrzwi obliczany jest ich rozstaw. W dalszej kolejności użytkowania wyrobiska i obudowy stosowane są programy do analizy ich pracy (ANKIETA), a także do oceny ich stanu technicznego ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem stopnia skorodowania (KOROZJA).

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Authors and Affiliations

Marek Rotkegel
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Abstract

In 2021 Commission for Research Integrity continued her basic mission related to ethical oversight of research carried out at universities and scientific institutions. Commission has been dealing with specific cases suggesting scientific misconduct. Furthermore, Commission has been engaged in promotion of the rules of research integrity (seminars, lectures). Moreover, Commission has been formulating its opinions regarding key matters related to integrity in science. Recently, Commission addressed the issue of promotion to the level of full professor even by candidates who have committed scientific misconduct in publications not included in the formal proceedings leading to professorship. Commission believes that this situation is deplorable and requires immediate correction. Commission has been created by democratic decisions of the entire scientific and academic community and is autonomous in its decisions.
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Authors and Affiliations

Andrzej Górski
1 2
Mieczysław Grabianowski
3

  1. członek rzeczywisty PAN
  2. przewodniczący Komisji do Spraw Etyki w Nauce
  3. dyrektor Gabinetu Prezesa PAN

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