False or “mad” jealousy is the central theme in William Shakespeare’s Othello and The Winter’s Tale. Both Othello and Leontes, the protagonists of the plays, seem to have great diffi culties distinguishing between the surface of things (or what they see) and the truth. Both can be classifi ed as tragic fi gures as they both commit an error of judgment – due to a fl aw in their nature (be it self-love or suspiciousness) they misjudge a key situation and are easily led astray. In fact, dramatic irony, which is evidently present in the plays, can be exemplified by a pragmatic analysis of these two texts. It is interesting to observe that both characters are focused on saving face in front of others, not only to avoid criticism by the society (Leontes) but also to be each able to cope with their wife’s supposed betrayal (Othello). Pragmatics helps establish the causes of the characters’ tragedy: Othello’s false jealousy is conceived by Iago’s infelicitous speech acts and develops only because Othello is unable to grasp Iago’s real intention in communication. On the other hand, Leontes in his obsession is looking for hidden meanings in things just to prove that he is right; his verbal behaviour abounds in examples of self-deceit. The aim of this article is to defi ne jealousy in pragmatic terms, using the speech act theory, felicity conditions, conceptual metaphor, and face.

Static analyses of bridge structures are currently performed using the finite element method (FEM). Depending on the geometry of the structure and the technically required accuracy of calculations, different levels of discretization of these structures are used in their design. In the design process, beam grillage models (denoted e1, p2), shell models (denoted e2, p2) or shell-beam models (denoted e1+ e2, p3) are often used. Solid models (denoted e3+ p3) are mostly used in advanced analyses, having frequently a scientific character. It is shown that there is an impact of the applied types of the numerical model (i.e., degree of complexity, degree of discretization, accuracy of the model) of the road bridge on the calculated values of bending moments and displacements, which indirectly affects the global safety coefficient of the designed bridge structure. The main purpose of the calculations is to examine the discrepancies of analyzed internal forces and displacements depending of the type of numerical model used. The calculated values are referred to the results taken from the field tests of the existing bridge denoted MS 03, which is a continuous beam structure with the three spans 37:50 + 46:75 + 37:50 m made of prestressed concrete and with variable beam depth. On the basis of numerical simulations, the paper provides author’s recommendations for computer modeling of similar bridges.

This paper presents a method for quantitative assessment of the mechanisms of nucleation and granules growth by layering in the process of bed wetting during periodic disc granulation. This study included two initial, consecutive stages of a process with defined time courses. The first phase was a time period, in which only formation of new nuclei took place, while in the second stage simultaneous nucleation and growth of granules as a result of sticking raw material grains to pre-existing nuclei occurred. Different kinds of binding liquid were used for bed wetting in each phase. In the first phase, an aqueous solution of dye was used, and pure distilled water in the second stage. The contribution of particular mechanisms to the formation of agglomerates at different time points within the second phase of the process was determined in this study. To do that the results of bed granulometric analysis, mass balance of size fractions and the analysis of contents of a marker (dye) delivered to the bed with the binding liquid during the first phase in agglomerates were used. To assess the concentration of the dye in different size fractions of the batch, spectrophotometric analysis was utilised. The study was performed using UV-VIS JASCO V-630 spectrophotometer equipped with an integrating sphere. The sieve analysis, spectrophotometric studies and mass balance were used to determine changes in the weight of the dye containing nuclei and of the nuclei containing no dye. The aforementioned analyses were also used to assess changes in the weight of formed granules and of raw material particles attached to nuclei during simultaneous nucleation and growth of granules.