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Revisiting the Open-End Reflection Coefficient and Turbulent Losses in an Organ Pipe with Low Mach Number Flowipe with low Mach number flow

Archives of Acoustics | 2021 | vol. 46 | No 2 | 197-204 | DOI: 10.24425/aoa.2021.136575

Keywords organ pipe reflection coefficient end correction flow-acoustic interactions

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Abstract

The reflection coefficient of the open end belongs among the essential parameters in the physical description of a flue organ pipe. It leads directly to practical topics such as the pipe scaling. In this article, sound propagation is investigated inside an organ pipe with the most intense mean flow that is achievable under musically relevant conditions. A theoretical model is tested against the experimental data to obtain a suitable formula for the reflection coefficient when a non-negligible flow through the open end is considered. The velocity profile is examined by means of particle image velocimetry. A fully developed turbulent profile is found and interactions of the acoustic boundary layer with the turbulent internal flow are discussed. A higher value of the end correction than expected from the classical result of Levine and Schwinger is found, but this feature shall be associated with the pipe wall thickness rather than the mean flow effects.

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Authors and Affiliations

Viktor Hruška

1

Pavel Dlask

1

Academy of Performing Arts in Prague, Musical Acoustics Research Centre, Prague, Czech Republic

The kinetics, thermodynamics and equilibrium study of nickel and lead uptake using corn residues as adsorbent

Candelaria Tejada-Tovar Ángel Villabona-Ortíz Angel Dario Gonzalez-Delgado

Journal of Water and Land Development | 2021 | No 48 | 197-204 | DOI: 10.24425/jwld.2021.136162

Keywords adsorption corn wastes heavy metals kinetics thermodynamics

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Abstract

Agricultural residues rich in lignocellulosic biomass are low-cost and sustainable adsorbents widely used in water treatment. In the present research, thermodynamics, kinetics, and equilibrium of nickel(II) and lead(II) ion biosorption were studied using a corncob (Zea mays). The experiments were performed in a batch system evaluating the effect of tempera-ture and dose of adsorbent. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were used to study the equilibrium. Thermodynamic and kinetic parameters were determined using kinetic models (pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order, Elovich). Biosorbent characteristics were studied by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. It was found that the hydroxyl, carboxyl, and phenolic groups are the major contributors to the removal process. Besides, Pb(II) ions form micro-complexes on the surface of the biomaterial while Ni(II) ions form bonds with active centers. It was found that the highest Ni(II) removal yields were achieved at 0.02 g of adsorbent and 70°C, while the highest Pb(II) removal yields were achieved at 0.003 g and 55°C. A maximum Ni(II) adsorption capacity of 3.52 mg∙g–1 (86%) and 13.32 mg∙g–1 (94.3%) for Pb(II) was obtained in 250 and 330 min, respectively. Pseudo-first or-der and pseudo-second order models best fit experimental data, and Langmuir and Freundlich models well describe the iso-therm of the process. Thermodynamic parameters (ΔH0, ΔG0, ΔS0) suggest that the adsorption process of both cations is exothermic, irreversible, and not spontaneous.

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