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Abstract

In the process of development and modernisation or updating lands or buildings register database the knowledge of the accuracy of analytical determination of areas is required. The knowledge of accurately determined areas is also indispensable for other activities, as e.g. in the case of geodetic maintenance of investments or in the process of control of direct subsidies for agriculture, which are performed within the Integrated Administration and Control System (IACS). In the case of double determination of area of an object, basing on co-ordinates of its vertices, determined from two independent measurements of the same accuracy, the results of calculations differ from one another. The value of that difference, generated in the natural way - following the law of error propagation - should be discussed with respect to its permissibility. This paper presents the analysis of technical and legal regulations, which are obligatory in Poland and which concern permissible errors of analytical determination of areas. Then, a method of determination of values of permissible differences of double determination of areas of cadastral (and other) objects basing on co-ordinates of vertices, under the assumption that those areas are determined with obligatory accuracy (i.e. which total error of position of a point does not exceed O. I O m) and with consideration of shapes of a geometrical object and its area is presented. A formula, which defines the maximum value of the permissible difference of double calculation of an area, which is the function of the parcel area, its shape and the accuracy of determination of position of vertices, has been proposed. Results obtained with the use of the proposed formula were then compared with those obtained with the use of the formula, which recently is obligatory in Poland, as well as other formulae acquired from professional literature. It has been proved that in order to record areas of cadastral objects according to existing regulations, the accuracy of determination of position of border points, should be considerably improved.
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Authors and Affiliations

Adam Doskocz
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Abstract

The article discusses the complex relations between the three different areas of culture and language in the Swiss canton of Grisons and describes the historical processes that have created this situation. The developing of the diversity of languages and cultures on the territory of Grisons was infl uenced to a high degree by the mountainous confi guration of this region, the isolation of the alpine valleys and by the situation of Grisons on the border line between the territories of the German and Romance cultures and languages. So the linguistic landscape of the canton of Grisons is composed nowadays of areas of German, Italian and Romansh. The peculiarity of Grisons is the existence of Romansh, one of the most ancient languages of the Alps. This Romance language was in the 5th century the only language used in Grisons, but has lost his dominant position to German and today it is struggling for its survival.

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Authors and Affiliations

Lesław Tobiasz

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