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Abstract

As a result of introduction of the Directive 2010/31/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 May 2010 on the energy performance of buildings, all of the EU member states are obliged to introduce legal regulations for energy performance of all newly constructed buildings. The key aim is to achieve close to zero energy use starting from the year 2021. Estimating effectiveness of the actions and the new possibilities requires an analysis of the multiple criteria. They comprise both the current conditions as well as the changes that have occurred in the recent years due to new legislation, the eff ects of the subsidies and the development of the housing stock. This paper presents a broad overview and diagnosis of current situation. The development of the energy-efficient and passive housing in Poland is considered in the context of financial incentives, availability of design knowledge and building technology as well as the role of the green building certification.

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Authors and Affiliations

Monika Arczyńska
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Abstract

The work is intended to extend the application of a smart transformer on a radial distribution system. In this paper, an updated algorithm on the backward/forward power flow is introduced. The so-called direct approach of power flow is employed and analyzed. In addition, the paper focused on integrating a smart transformer to the network and solving the updating network also using the direct approach load flow. The solution of the smart transformer using the direct approach power flow method is quite straightforward. This model is applied to radial distribution systems which are the IEEE 33- and IEEE 69-bus systems as a case study. Also, the paper optimizes the best allocation of the smart transformer to reduce the power losses of the grid.
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Bibliography

[1] Coster E., Myrzik J.M., Kruimer J., Kling W., Integration Issues of Distributed Generation in Distribution Grids, Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 99, no. 1 (2011).
[2] Sood K., HVDC and FACTS Controllers: Applications of Static Converters in Power Systems, Springer (2004).
[3] Anan V., Sanjeev Kumar Mallik S.K., Power flow analysis and control of distributed FACTS devices in power system, Archives of Electrical Engineering, vol. 67, no. 3, pp. 545–561 (2018).
[4] Wang J., Huang A., Sung W., Liu Y., Baliga B., Smart grid technologies, IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 16–23 (2009).
[5] Liserre M., Buticchi G., Andresen M., De Carne G., Costa L., Zou Z., The Smart Transformer: Impact on the Electric Grid and Technology Challenges, IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 46–58 (2016).
[6] Freedman D., Smart transformers-controlling the flow of electricity to stabilize the grid, MIT Technology Review, 10 Emerging Technologies Breakthroughs, pp. 44–45 (2011).
[7] Pournaras E., Vasirani M., Kooij R., Aberer K., Decentralized planning of energy demand for the management of robustness and discomfort, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 2280–2289 (2014).
[8] Belivanis M., Bell K., Coordination of phase-shifting transformers to improve transmission network utilisation, in 2010 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference Europe (ISGT Europe), IEEE, pp. 1–6 (2010).
[9] Teng J.-H., A direct approach for distribution system load flow solutions, IEEE Trans Power Delivery, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 882–887 (2003).
[10] Shirmohammadi D., Hong H.W., Semlyen A., Luo G.X. , A compensation-based power flow method for weakly meshed distribution and transmission networks, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 753–62 (1988).
[11] Cano J.M., Rejwanur M., Mojumdar R., Norniella J.G., Orcajo G.A., Phase shifting transformer model for direct approach power flow studies, International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems, vol. 91, pp. 71–79 (2017).
[12] Mahmoud I.M., Swief R., Abdelsalam T., Tuned Hyper Reconfiguration Analysis applying Plant Growth Algorithm, 2019 21st International Middle East Power Systems Conference (MEPCON), Tanta University, Cairo, Egypt, pp. 884–889 (2019).
[13] Baran M.E., Wu F.F., Network reconfiguration in distribution systems for loss reduction and load balancing, IEEE Trans Power Delivery, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 1401–1407 (1989).
[14] Samman M.A., Mokhlis H., Mansor N., Mohamad H., Suyono H., Sapari N.M., Fast Optimal Network Reconfiguration with Guided Initialization Based on a Simplified Network Approach, IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 11948–11963 (2020).
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Authors and Affiliations

Ibrahem Mohamed A. Mahmoud
1 2
Tarek Saad Abdelsalam
2
Rania Swief
2

  1. Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, The British University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
  2. Electrical Power and Machine Engineering Department, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Abstract

Standard PN-EN 1992-1-1 for designing reinforced concrete structures gives a major priority to the issues relating to second-order effects, but presents in detail only two approximate calculation methods: the nominal stiffness method and the nominal curvature method. As regards the general method, only certain requirements and suggestions are provided. In typical situations, when the appropriate assumptions are satisfied, the approximate methods yield satisfactory results. However, in engineering practice one can come across several cases (e.g. very tall columns, columns with a cantilever for a gantry girder, and floor joists) in which the approximate methods will prove unreliable. This paper presents and discusses a procedural algorithm for analysing second-order effects using the general method. The algorithm is employed to perform exemplary calculations and their results are compared with the results yielded by the approximate methods commonly used by engineers. Moreover, areas in which the approximate methods can be unreliable are indicated. The analyses have confirmed the significant advantage of the general method over the approximate methods. Therefore it is worth popularizing this method, the more so that its calculation procedures can be to a large extent automated and dedicated computer programs can be developed.
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Authors and Affiliations

Janusz Pędziwiatr
1
ORCID: ORCID
Michał Musiał
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Wybrzeże Stanisława Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland

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