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Abstract

All plants contain varying levels of phenolic acids (metabolites) thus playing an important role in resistance mechanisms as constituents of cell walls, as constitutive antimicrobial compounds of plants or induced in response to infection against many diseases, in particular fusarium head blight caused by Fusarium species. To this end, the objective of this research was to study the variation in phenolic acid composition during the kinetics of filling wheat grains, in order to determine the best variety resistant to fusarium head blight. For this purpose, free and bound phenolic analyses were carried out by HPLC-DAD on five durum wheat varieties at the stage 5 to 8 days after the flowering stage (early grains). We showed that at the level of the samples analyzed, several phenolic acids were present at different concentrations, but others were absent [ cis-ferulic acid (free phenolic acid), and sinapic acid (bound phenolic acid)]. The results also showed that the content of bound phenolic acids was much higher than that of free phenolic acids in all varieties. In addition, these phenolic acids existed in free soluble form or were mostly present in insoluble form bound to cell walls. For free acids, the results showed that significant amounts of transferulic acid were detected in comparison to all free phenolic acids (56.72 μg · g –1 DM for G10). For bound acids, ferulic acid is the main bound phenolic acid which has much higher levels (4913.92 μg · g –1 DM for G1), followed by p-coumaric acid (3098.99 μg · g–1 DM for G1). Moreover, the sum of monomers (bound acids) was much higher than that of dehydrodiferulic acids (DiFA).
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Authors and Affiliations

Salah Hadjout
1 2
Mohamed Zouidi
1
Saïfi Merdas
1

  1. Centre de Recherche en Aménagement du Territoire, CRAT, Campus Universitaire Zouaghi Slimane, Constantine, Algérie
  2. Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique, ENSA, El-Harrach, Alger, Algérie
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Abstract

Thymus, an important central immune organ in pigs, is the site of T lymphocyte development and maturation and an important target organ for infection and replication of various pathogens. Highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (HP-PRRSV) infection results in severe thymic atrophy in piglets. This study aimed to explore the effects of HP-PRRSV on the thymic structure of piglets to elucidate the pathogenesis of thymic atrophy induced by HP-PRRSV. In this study, histopathological techniques and immunofluorescence double staining techniques were used to analyze thymic tissues infected by HP-PRRSV to explore the structural changes of thymus caused by the viral infection and its target cell types. An antibody of cluster of differentiation (CD) 3 (CD3), CD20, CD80, or calgranulin + calprotectin was applied to identify T cells, B cells, dendritic cells (DCs), and macrophages, respectively. The results indicated that a variety of cell components in the thymic tissue were diffusely damaged after viral infection. In the infected thymic tissue, CD80- or calgranulin + calprotectin- -labeled cells supported the HP-PRRSV infection, whereas CD3-labeled T cells and CD20- -labeled B cells did not support the viral infection. The results showed that HP-PRRSV caused the reduction of visible cell components in the thymic tissue, and the virus attacked CD80- and calgranulin + calprotectin-positive cells (such as DCs and macrophages) in the thymic tissue, which played an important role in the pathogenesis of thymus atrophy. These results lay the foundation for elucidating the immunosuppression of piglets after infection with HP-PRRSV.
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Authors and Affiliations

Q. Liu
1
Y.-Y. Yu
1
H.-Y. Wang
1

  1. Nanchong Key Laboratory of Disease Prevention, Control and Detection in Livestock and Poultry, Nanchong Vocational and Technical College, Nanchong 637131, China
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Abstract

The aim of the paper is a theoretical analysis of propagation of high-intensity acoustic waves throughout a bubble layer. A simple model in the form of a layer with uniformly distributed mono-size spherical bubbles is considered. The mathematical model of the pressure wave’s propagation in a bubbly liquid layer is constructed using the linear non-dissipative wave equation and assuming that oscillations of a single bubble satisfy the Rayleigh-Plesset equation. The models of the phase sound speed, changes of resonant frequency of bubbles and damping coefficients in a bubbly liquid are compared and discussed. The relations between transmitted and reflected waves and their second harmonic amplitudes are analyzed. A numerical analysis is carried out for different environmental parameters such as layer thicknesses and values of the volume fraction as well as for different parameters of generated signals. Examples of results of the numerical modeling are presented.

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Authors and Affiliations

Anna Baranowska

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