The paper presents analyses of current research projects connected with explosive material sensors. Sensors are described assigned to X and γ radiation, optical radiation sensors, as well as detectors applied in gas chromatography, electrochemical and chemical sensors. Furthermore, neutron techniques and magnetic resonance devices were analyzed. Special attention was drawn to optoelectronic sensors of explosive devices.

This article is a contribution to the study of the history of the lexis of the Proto- -Slavic language. The etymological analysis of anatomical lexis presented in this article allows us to establish several chronological layers of the lexis: lexemes inherited from the Indo-European proto-language, lexemes from the Baltic and Slavic language communities, lexemes created from Indo-European bases, and lexemes created from Proto-Slavic bases, which are late innovations of the Proto- -Slavic language. Each stage of the history of the Proto-Slavic lexis is documented with appropriate material. In this way this study advances research on the development of Proto-Slavic historical lexicology.

At present. when high particulate matter (PM) concentrations in ambient air cause thousands o Ipremature deaths in Europe and global climate change is becoming the most critical issue in environmental protection, the state-of-the-science air quality and climate models constitute an essential research as well as decision support tools. Recently the great progress has been achieved in this research area. The present paper presents the goals and tools lor Air Quality (AQ) Modeling, and gives overview of' current challenges. including the meteurological. chemistry and climate modeling. The main emphasis is given to the regulatory and the Eulerian grid models. the latter arc currently operating as so called off-line or on-line modeling systems. The issues conncctccl with model implementation and validation is presented as well. finally, the conclusions arc drawn and rccornmcndations lor further development and integration ofAQ and climate modeling in Poland arc presented.

Penguins (Aves: Sphenisciformes) hold much interest for many people, including (but not limited to) scientists. According to results of molecular studies, penguin history began in the Cretaceous, but the oldest bones assigned to these birds are Paleocene in age. The first fossil representative of Sphenisciformes formally described was Palaeeudyptes antarcticus, and this event took place 150 years ago. Since that time, several dozens of species have been erected, though not all of them have stood a test of time. The 21st century entered new dynamics into the paleontology of penguins, and (importantly) it concerned both the new material, and new theories. This paper summarizes what we currently know about extinct penguins and indirectly suggests the most promising areas for further research.