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Abstract

The normal formulation of etofenprox was developed to nanoformulation and used against the adults of silver whitefly, Bemisia tabaci in eggplant fields. Three concentrations of both the normal and nanoformulations were used. The concentrations of etofenprox nanoformulation were one-fifth of the normal formulation. The nanosize of etofenprox ranged from 225 to 489 nm. The loading capacity of etofenprox was 60.7 ± 5.7%. The obtained results showed that the LC 50 of the normal formulation was four times more than the nanoformulation. The LC 50 for the nanoformulation was 0.9 and 3.5 ppm for the normal formulation of etofenprox. This means that the nanoformulation of etofenprox was more effective than the normal. The residues of both nano and normal formulations were determined in eggplant fruits after three applications. The obtained results showed that the residue of nanoformulation after 1 hour of treatment was 0.51 ± 0.03 compared with 0.62 ± 0.03 mg · kg –1 ± SD in normal formulation. After 1 hour of treatment the residue of etofenprox was reduced to 0.11 ± 0.1 and 0.22 ± 0.02 mg · kg –1 ± SD in nano and normal formulations, respectively. The dissipation rates of both nano and normal formulations after 1 hour were 78.3 and 64.5%, respectively. The degradation rate (K) in nanoformulation and normal etofenprox was 1.33 and 0.73 mg · kg –1 ± SD, respectively. The residue half-life (LR 50) was 0.52 and 1 day, respectively. The preharvest interval (PHI) was 6 days for both nano and normal etofenprox formulations. The results confirmed that nanoetofenprox was more effective against B. tabaci adults, with lower persistence and lower residue than the normal formulation of etofenprox.
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Authors and Affiliations

Al-kazafy Hassan Sabry
1
Aziza H. Mohamady
2
Rasha A. Sleem
2
Shaker M. Abolmaaty
3
Rania M.A. Helmy
4

  1. Pests and Plant Protection Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
  2. Bioassay Research Department, Central Agricultural Pesticides Laboratory, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
  3. Central Laboratory for Agriculture Climate, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
  4. Pesticide Residue and Environmental Pollution Department, Central Agricultural Pesticides Laboratory, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
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Abstract

The objective of this experimental study was to examine whether an assisting layer of lightweight expanded clay aggregate (LECA) of the granulation 1–4 mm, introduced into a subsoil, is able to improve an efficiency of removal of total nitrogen and total phosphorus from domestic wastewater. In the investigations, an assisting 0.10 and 0.20 m thick LECA layer was applied. It has been observed that the effectiveness of removal of total suspended solids (TSS), total nitrogen and total phosphorus from wastewater as well as the level of biochemical oxygen demand ( BOD 5) and chemical oxygen demand ( COD) is in accordance with the Polish standards on wastewater disposal into grounds and surface water. The performed experiments showed that the effectiveness of raw wastewater purification for the medium sand soil bed with the 0.20 m thick assisting LECA layer is higher than for the 0.10 m thick assisting layer. In the medium sand soil bed with the 0.20 m thick assisting LECA layer, the removal efficiency regarding total nitrogen increased by 20.6%, total phosphorus by 5.2%, ammonium nitrogen by 8.8% and TSS by 5.3%, and reduction efficiency regarding BOD 5 increased by 1.7% and COD by 2.3% with relation to the 0.10 m thick assisting LECA layer (all percentages – in average). The results of the experiment showed that the LECA with the granulation 1–4 mm can be used to assist in removal of total nitrogen and total phosphorus from wastewater with application of infiltration drainage.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marek Kalenik
1
ORCID: ORCID
Piotr Wichowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Marek Chalecki
2
ORCID: ORCID
Adam Kiczko
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Institute of Environmental Engineering, Department of Hydraulics and Sanitary Engineering, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
  2. Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Institute of Civil Engineering, Department of Mechanics and Building Structures, Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

The paper addresses a managerial problem related to ensuring cybersecurity of information and knowledge resources in production enterprises interested in the implementation of INDUSTRY 4.0 technologies. The material presented shows the results of experimental research of a qualitative nature, using two expert inventive methods: brain-netting and a fuzzy formula of inference. The experts' competences included the following three variants of the industrial application of the INDUSTRY 4.0 concept: (1) high production volumes achieved using a dedicated and fully robotic production line (2) the manufacture of short, personalized series of products through universal production cells, and (3) the manufacture of specialized unit products for individual customers. The Google Forms software was used to collect these expert opinions. The conclusions of the research carried out using the brain-netting method point to nine variants of the cybersecurity strategy of IT networks and knowledge base resources in manufacturing enterprises represented by the experts. The results of the research using the fuzzy formula of inference are numerically and situationally defined relations linking the above-mentioned nine strategies with five types of cyber-attacks. The summary record of these relations as the basis for managerial cybersecurity recommendations has a matrix form.
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Authors and Affiliations

Leszek Pacholski
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Poznan University of Technology, Faculty of Engineering Management, Poland

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