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Abstract

The present paper is situated within the Cognitive Linguistics movement, which claims that language is associated with certain cognitive abilities. One of them is the ability to conceptualise a situation at different levels of abstraction. This process is shown to apply, among others, in the process of forming patterns of metaphorical extension, as postulated within Cognitive Grammar (Langacker 1987, 1990, 2000b, 2008, etc.). The paper aims to discuss the process of emergence of these patterns and their pedagogical potential. In the fi rst part of the paper, the major processes engaged in the emergence of these patterns are discussed: schematisation and extension. Then, embeddedness of these schematic structures in bodily experience and culture is emphasised. All these considerations indicate the schemas’ pedagogical potential in the area of foreign language pedagogy. The paper is concluded with several suggestions made by the author about the possible applications of such schematic structures in class.
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Authors and Affiliations

Barbara Taraszka-Drożdż
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Abstract

The Authors present the problems of theoretical analysis and experimental research related to the possibilities of energy recovery in selected phases of operating and running cycles of self-driven crane. Heavy machinery powered by diesel engines is a source of solid toxic emissions. In order to limit these emissions, one install filters and filter regeneration systems. According to the concept presented here, the recovered energy might be utilised for regeneration of these filters by burning off accumulated solid particles (soot). Mechanical energy would be the power source to drive DC generators - the mechanical-into-electric energy converters. Filter's heating resistors, acting as the generators' load, would radiate a power of 3-;-5 MJ to initiate burning of soot in the filter. The calculations of energy consumed during sheave block lowering phase were made for three different lifting capacities taking into account the boom length and crane reach. Three running cycles of the crane: highroad, urban and off-road ones were also analysed. The time functions of variations of crane running speed and power of motion resistance at driving wheels were found. The results provided the background for determination of theoretical values of energy to be regained during braking phase of the analysed cycles. The structure and operation of experimental stands was discussed. The stands contain units that, at proper size factor, represent the processes that occur in real cranes and that are related only to energy recovery. Computer software for system simulation, control and measurement was described. Measurement results and result analysis are presented. The value of energy found theoretically was compared with the energy recovered during experimental tests. The paper also contains simplified kinematic schemes of selected units of crane lifting and driving systems, including an additional DC generator. This concept, however, needs verification in future design solutions.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jerzy Ocioszyński
Przemysław Majewski

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