AIMS: The primary goal of the presented research was to investigate the memory effects of implicit negation, conveyed using implicatures, as compared to explicit negation. We also speculated that implicit negation might require more cognitive effort.
METHODS: Three experiments were conducted (total N = 181), in which participants were presented with a description containing implicit or explicit negation, followed by a memory recognition test of items present, negated or not mentioned in the description. We manipulated the pace at which the description was presented (own pace vs. fixed) and whether participants were informed about the upcoming recognition test.
RESULTS: We found no differences between explicit and implicit negation in the number of false alarms to negated and not mentioned items, response times or time spent reading the source material. Bayesian analyses indicated a 90% probability that there were no differences in the number of false alarms between explicit and implicit negation.
CONCLUSIONS: Implicit and explicit negation lead to a similar quality of recognition, and seem to require a similar amount of time to process, indicating comparable cognitive effort.
Frequency regulation is in a first line of preference for an interconnected power system. Presence of nonlinearities in the generation systems further raises the complexity level of the problem. In this scenario, this article presents a robust Automatic Generation Control (AGC) mechanism to maintain the frequency and tie-line power of the power system to their nominal values. A Coefficient Diagram Method (CDM) based AGC mechanism including an AC/DC tie-line and Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) has been developed and the performance in handling the frequency regulation has been analyzed. The nonlinearities such as Governor Dead-Band (GDB) and Generation Rate Constraint (GRC) are included in the system to analyze the proposed AGC scheme in a more realistic approach. The AC/DC tie-line and UPFC which are included in the proposed AGC scheme provides an immense strength to handle the active power variation as-well-as frequency regulation. To develop a more effective AGC scheme, the parameters of an AC/DC tie-line and UPFC are optimized by successful implementation of the Fruit Fly Optimization Algorithm (FOA). The justification of the proposed AGC scheme has been carried out through a step by step verification such as justifying the CDM based controller, effectiveness of the proposed scheme and robustness of the system against parameters variation. The CDM based controller has been compared with the conventional controllers to elevate the effectiveness and the supremacy of the proposed AGC scheme has been examined by comparing with previously published work. The design and simulation of the work has been carried out by the MATLAB/Simulink® tool box.
Using Langmuir and Langmuir-Blodgett techniques molecular films of chlorinated perylene derivatives, namely tetra-n-butyl-1,6,7,12-tetrachloroperylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylate (PCn for n = 1, 5, 9) have been studied. The Langmuir films of pure compounds and mixed with liquid crystalline 4-octyl-4′-cyanobiphenyl (8CB) were characterized by surface pressure-mean molecular area isotherms. An additive rule reveals miscibility of all the dyes with 8CB but shows different types of intermolecular interaction forces. The pure and mixed Langmuir films were transferred onto quartz plates and characterized spectroscopically. Absorption and fluorescence spectra were recorded for the samples in form of diluted chloroform solution, the dye with 8CB mixtures in monomolecular Langmuir-Blodgett films and in liquid crystal cells. Different tendency to aggregation of the dye with short and long alkyl chains was observed. It is shown that the dye molecule stacking and aggregation of the chlorinated perylene dyes depend on the dye concentration and are related to the torsion of the perylene core.
Penguin bones from the La Meseta Formation (Seymour Island, Antarctic Peninsula) are the only record of Eocene Antarctic Sphenisciformes. Being an abundant component of the youngest unit of the formation (Telm7), they are not so common in earlier strata. Here, I present the oldest penguin remains from the La Meseta Formation (Telm1-Telm2), often bearing close resemblance to their counterparts from younger units. Addressing the recent findings in fossil penguin systematics, I suggest there is too weak a basis for erecting new Eocene Antarctic taxa based on non-tarsometatarsal elements of penguin skeletons, and considering Oligocene species part of the studied assemblage. Finally, I conclude if the common ancestor of extant Sphenisciformes lived in the Eocene Antarctic (as suggested recently), penguins referred to Delphinornis seem to be prime candidates to that position.
Three tectonic units occur in folded stratified volcanic sequence on Barton Peninsula. Fossil flora (Del Valle et al. 1984) occurs in the basal part of the upper unit which age is not younger than Paleocene. The rocks of the middle and lower units are older, possibly Mesozoie.
The article discusses the problem with modifications of plans of water areas and the forms of their borders which have been inscribed into the history of all city structures related to water. It can be observed that the modifications made in recent decades very often concern the transformations of former industrial sites. Many such structural changes are taking place within signifi cant areas which have fragmented central parts of cities and created voids in the urban fabric. They are being applied to many former shipyards and ports. Research shows that the formation of new connections between land and water in these transformation processes is essential. More frequently, those conversions that are currently being realized change the constructions of wharves and lead to the development of plans drawing new borders between land and water. In these cases water is introduced into land areas and new land surfaces are being created over existing bodies of water. These operations can be considered extremely valuable in achieving the intended eff ects of transformations of post-industrial areas. They are perceived as an excellent possibility to strengthen the relationship between the city structure and water. At the same time they create an opportunity to achieve a high quality of architectural and landscape solutions and the quality of spaces in both social and economic terms.
This article presents some cultural, historical and linguistic insights on the names of the Szczutowskie and Urszulewskie Lakes, both situated in the historical Dobrzyńskie Lakeland, today on the border between the Mazovian and Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeships (the historical border between Polish and Prussian-Teutonic states). The author also takes into account the description of the local place and terrain names, showing a common relation with the natural landscape, in which the two lakes are immersed.
Wyniki badań laboratoryjnych formacji sylurskich pozwalają na uzyskanie szczegółowych informacji na temat złożoności przestrzeni porowej, występowania mikroszczelin, a także obecności pirytu w skale. Trzy próbki mułowców sylurskich pochodzące z różnych głębokości, z jednego otworu zlokalizowanego w synklinorium lubelskim, zostały przebadane pod kątem wyznaczenia właściwości sprężystych, czyli prędkości fal podłużnych P i poprzecznych S, dynamicznych modułów: sprężystości podłużnej (Younga), odkształcenia postaci, odkształcenia objętości, współczynnika Poissona oraz zbiornikowych, z wykorzystaniem spektrometrii magnetycznego rezonansu jądrowego (porowatość całkowita i efektywna, zawartość wody wolnej, kapilarnej i nieredukowalnej). W ramach dodatkowych analiz przeprowadzono badania laboratoryjne przepuszczalności absolutnej w skali nano-Darcy, a także granulometrii. Rentgenowska tomografia komputerowa dała możliwość interpretacji jakościowej wykształcenia przestrzeni porowej oraz mikroszczelin, a także formy występowania pirytu w skale. Interpretacja ilościowa obrazów tomograficznych dostarczyła parametrów geometrycznych porów, pirytów i mikroszczelin, tj. wielkości porów i kryształów pirytów, mikroszczelin itp. Komplementarna analiza petrofizyczna skał łupkowych, wykonana przy wykorzystaniu różnorodnych metod badawczych, stała się kluczem do zrozumienia budowy wewnętrznej tego typu skał, które wykazują silną heterogeniczność parametrów fizycznych i chemicznych szkieletu ziarnowego i przestrzeni porowej.
Over the past few years, a great deal of research has been conducted concerning the mathematical skills of children after the first stage of education. In my report, I present a selection of results from this research in order to illustrate the most typical didactical effects of the style in which mathematical education is performed in our schools. Comparing some detailed results from research in a number of chosen fields, I also try to assess whether or not, and how, the level of schoolchildren’s skills has changed in the recent years.
Professor Jerzy Sadowski – outstanding Polish scientist, a specialist in acoustics – construction, industrial, architectural and environmental – passed away on 28th July 2014. Professor Jerzy Sadowski was born on 18th December 1924 in Augustów, in northeastern Poland. In 1946 he commenced studies at the Gdańsk University of Technology – initially at the Faculty of Architecture, to switch later to the Faculty of Electrical Engineering. The life of Jerzy Sadowski as a student was as complicated as the post-war history of Poland. Due to his involvement in an activity of illegal student organization, he was expelled from the university in 1949, with a ban on any further tertiary education. The ban had been lifted after a certain time which allowed him to recommence further studies, this time at the Warsaw University of Technology the Faculty of Communications, where in 1952 he obtained the diploma and title of Master of Science and Engineer. He received a lot of help from Professor Ignacy Malecki, the nestor of Polish acoustics. This certainly contributed to kindling the young engineer’s interest in acoustics, as a field of both knowledge and very important practical applications.