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Abstract

Wizerunek/postrzeganie partii politycznej (PPP) należy do konstruktów, których zawartość oczekuje na taksonomię naukową. Brak konsensu wśród badaczy co do uniwersalnych kulturowo wymiarów PPP i narzędzi do ich pomiaru uniemożliwia systematyczną kumulację wiedzy na temat determinantów PPP i jego wpływu na decyzje wyborcze. Celem prezentowanych badań leksykalnych jest weryfikacja pięcioczynnikowej struktury PPP i walidacja skal do jego pomiaru. Artykuł przedstawia wyniki sześciu badań przeprowadzonych na polskich wyborcach w latach 2011–2019. Wyniki wskazują na wysoką stabilność pięcioczynnikowej struktury PPP na poziomie różnic indywidualnych (wyborcy) w wymiarach osobowościowych i pozaosobowościowych. Opracowane narzędzie pomiaru PPP cechują satysfakcjonujące wskaźniki psychometryczne oraz wysoka moc wyjaśniająca preferencji politycznych wyborców. Omówiono ograniczenia wynikające z różnych możliwych poziomów analizy struktury wizerunku partii na poziomie wyborcy versus partie.

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Authors and Affiliations

Oleg Gorbaniuk
Michał Wilczewski
Julia Gorbaniuk
Karolina Perec
Marta Zielińska
Izabela Piela
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Abstract

In the paper, preliminary studies on formulation of a new constitutive equation of bone tissue are presented. A bone is modelled as a viscoelastic material. Thus, not only are elastic properties of the bone taken into account, but also both short-term and long-term viscoelastic properties are considered. A potential function is assumed for the bone, constant identification on the basis of experimental stress-strain curve fitting is completed and a preliminary constitutive equation is formulated. The experiments consisted of compressive tests performed on a cuboids-like bone sample of the following dimensions: 10x5x7.52 mm. The specimen was compressed along the highest dimension at the strain rates 0.016 s to the -1 and 0.00016 s to the -1. In addition to this, stress relaxation test was performed to identify long-term viscoelastic constants of bone. In the experiments, only displacement in the load direction was measured. The bone sample was extracted from a bovine femur. The form of the proposed potential function is such that it models a bone as a transversely isotropic material. For the sake of simplicity, it is assumed that the bone is incompressible. After the material constant identification the strain energy function proved to be adequate to describe bone behaviour under compressive load. Due to the fact that the function is convex, the results of the studies can be utilised in modelling of bone tissue in finite element analyses of an implant-bone system. Such analyses are very helpful in the process of a new prosthesis design as one can preoperatively verify the construction of the new implant and optimise its shape.

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Authors and Affiliations

Marek Pawlikowski
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Abstract

The raw material economy determines energy security for individual countries in the world. Coal is one of the most important energy carriers for electricity production and heat generation. World market trends of fossil raw materials such as hard coal and lignite were presented. In the European Union a significant decrease in coal and lignite consumption has been observed in recent years. This situation is primarily related to the accelerating decarbonisation policy and support of renewable energy sources, which are considered to be environmentally friendly. The pandemic occurring in recent years has also played an important role in shaping the raw materials market. The author shows the possibilities and directions in which the coal economy has prospects for development and expansion. The amount of the world’s coal resources is presented, as well as the size of the global consumption of the raw material in the 2000–2011 years, specifying in China, India, Asia, the USA and the countries of the European Union. The structure of the coal economy is presented in the light of the policies and laws enacted by the European Union Comission, in particular in Poland, Germany and France. The appearance of the hard coal sector and lignite sector in Poland is described in detail. The size of resources was given in terms of coal classification. The presented data were based on a range of information and reports from world organizations such as the International Energy Agency or British Petroleum.
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Authors and Affiliations

Monika Pepłowska
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland

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