As alternatives to chemical insecticides, entomopathogenic fungi or wild plants and their secondary metabolites are being used. These biocontrol agents are significant because of their biodegradability, specificity, eco-friendliness, and utility as agents to reduce insecticide resistance. In this study five ethyl acetate extracts of locally isolated fungal strains ( Talaromyces atroroseus, Fusarium chlamydosporum, Talaromyces stipitatus, Trichoderma lixii, Beauveria bassiana) as well as alkaloid extract of Haloxylon salicornicum were extracted and investigated as biocontrol agents against cotton mealybug Phenacoccus solenopsis. The results indicated that all extracts had toxic effects against P. solenopsis except the extract of T. stipitatus. The LC50 values and toxicity index indicated that the alkaloid extract of H. salicornicum was the most toxic one (26 ppm) after 72 hours of treatment followed by the extracts of F. chlamydosporum (77 ppm), then B. bassiana (84 ppm) and T. lixii (118 ppm). On the other hand, there were significant changes in tested insect enzyme activities (amylase, lipase, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), and acetyl choline esterase (AchE) as well as total proteins and lipids in the insects treated with the alkaloid extract of H. salicornicum, and ethyl acetate extracts of F. chlamydosporum and B. bassiana after 24 hours of treatment compared to the control. GC/MS analyses of fungal extracts indicated that there were some bioactive compounds like hexadecanoic acid, octadecanoic acid, and tetradecanoic acid. In addition, the anabasine compound was found as a major constituent of the alkaloid extract of H. salicornicum and identified by 1H NMR and GC/MS analysis. In conclusion, according to this study, it was recommended that the alkaloid extract of H. salicornicum and the ethyl acetate extracts of F. chlamydosporum, B. bassiana, and T. lixii be used as alternatives to chemical insecticides for controlling the cotton mealybug P. solenopsis.

The article attempts to present several initiatives in the field of horticultural art that were initiated by Germans living and operating in Poland, and which were implemented as part of Polish-German cooperation. The analysis of several known as well as several forgotten examples is intended to indicate that Germans and Poles are able to cooperate in an unusual field of landscape architecture, as well as care for the aesthetics of the capital.

The aim of this paper is to examine the phenomenon of infixation in the Spanish language. This study has been divided into five parts, with the exception of the introduction. The first one presents ways of classifying various affixes according to their position within words. In the next two parts, two different types of infixation in Spanish are presented. The first of them concerns diminutive forms and has an expressive function in them. The second one appears in vesreisms (Sp. vesreísmos), where it indicates the grammatical gender of nouns and adjectives. The first infixes occur in all varieties of the Spanish language, while the latter are dialectal. In the fourth part, an attempt is made to propose further arguments in favor of recognizing the existence of infixed forms in Spanish. In the last part of the article, some conclusions are drawn on the basis of the examples and observations presented in the previous parts of the study.