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Abstract

The purpose of the article is a comparison between DC/DC topologies with a wide input voltage range. The research also explains how the implementation of GaN E‑HEMT transistors influences the overall efficiency of the converter. The article presents a process of selection of the most efficient topology for stabilization of the battery storage voltage (9 V – 36 V) at the level of 24 V, which enables the usage of ultracapacitor energy storage in a wide range of applications, e.g., in automated electric vehicles. In order to choose the most suitable topology, simulation and laboratory research were conducted. The two most promising topologies were selected for verification in the experimental model. Each of the converters was constructed in two versions: with Si and with GaN E-HEMT transistors. The paper presents experimental research results that consist of precise power loss measurements and thermal analysis. The performance with an increased switching frequency of converters was also examined.
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Bibliography

[1] M. Nowak and R. Barlik, „Poradnik inżyniera energoelektronika,” in WNT, Warszawa, pp.161-194, 1998. (in Polish)
[2] N. Mohan, W. P. Robbins, T. M. Undeland, and N. Mohan, “Solutions manual: power electronics: converters, applications, and design,” New York: Wiley, 1989.
[3] L. Wuidart, “Topologies For Switched Mode Power Supplies,” STMicroelectronics, 1999.
[4] M. Zehendner and M. Ulmann, “Power Topologies Handbook,” Texas Instrument, pp.23-171, 2016.
[5] X. Weng, X. Xiao, W. He, Y. Zhou, Y. Shen, W. Zhao, and Z. Zhao, "Comprehensive comparison and analysis of non-inverting buck boost and conventional buck boost converters" The Journal of Engineering, vol. 2019, no. 16, pp. 3030–3034, 2019. DOI: 10.1049/joe.2018.8373
[6] M. Luthfansyah, S. Suyanto, and A. Bakarr Momodu Bangura, "Evaluation and Comparison of DC-DC Power Converter Variations in Solar Panel Systems Using Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) Flower Pollination Algorithm (FPA) Control" E3S Web of Conferences, vol. 190, p. 00026, 2020. DOI: 10.1051/e3sconf/202019000026
[7] B. Amri and M. Ashari, "The comparative study of Buck-boost, Cuk, Sepic and Zeta converters for maximum power point tracking photovoltaic using P&O method" 2015 2nd International Conference on Information Technology, Computer, and Electrical Engineering (ICITACEE), pp. 327-332, 2015. DOI: 10.1109/ICITACEE.2015.7437823
[8] M. V. D. de Sá and R. L. Andersen, "Dynamic modeling and design of a Cúk converter applied to energy storage systems" 2015 IEEE 13th Brazilian Power Electronics Conference and 1st Southern Power Electronics Conference (COBEP/SPEC), pp. 1-6. DOI: 10.1109/COBEP.2015.7420080, 2015
[9] B. M. M. Mwinyiwiwa and J. Dunia, "Performance Comparison between ĆUK and SEPIC Converters for Maximum Power Point Tracking Using Incremental Conductance Technique in Solar Power Applications," World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International Journal of Computer and Systems Engineering , vol. 7, no. 12. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1089293, 2013.
[10] Y. Attia and M. Youssef, "GaN on silicon E-HEMT and pure silicon MOSFET in high frequency switching of EV DC/DC converter: A comparative study in a nissan leaf," 2016 IEEE International Telecommunications Energy Conference (INTELEC), pp. 1-6, 2016. DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.2016.7749112
[11] S. K. Pullabhatla, P. B. Bobba, and S. Yadlapalli, "Comparison of GAN, SIC, SI Technology for High Frequency and High Efficiency Inverters," E3S Web of Conferences, vol. 184, p. 01012, 2020. DOI: 10.1051/e3sconf/202018401012
[12] A. Deihimi and M. E. Mahmoodieh, "Analysis and control of battery‐integrated dc/dc converters for renewable energy applications" IET Power Electronics, vol. 10, no. 14, pp. 1819–1831, 2017. DOI: 10.1049/iet-pel.2016.0832
[13] R. Nowakowski and N. Tang, "Efficiency of synchronous versus nonsynchronous buck converters, " Texas Instruments, 2009. [14] Gan Systems, “GS61008T datasheet, ”, 2021 online: www.gansystems.com (2021).
[15] Infineon, “IPP030N10N5 datasheet”, Rev.2.3,2016-10-03, 2021. online: www.infineon.com.
[16] P. Grzejszczak , A. Czaplicki , M. Szymczak , R. Barlik „The impact of snubber circuits on switching energy losses in high frequency converters” Przeglad Elektrotechniczny, vol. 96, no. 06, pp 93-97, 2020, (in Polish). DOI: 10.15199/48.2020.06.17
[17] GN012 Application Guide Design with GaN Enhancement Mode HEMT, , 2021 online: www.gansystems.com (2021).
[18] M. Koszel and P. Grzejszczak, "Power loss estimating in GaN E-HEMT based synchronous buck-boost converter," 2020 Progress in Applied Electrical Engineering (PAEE), 2020, pp. 1-6. DOI: 10.1109/PAEE50669.2020.9158576
[19] D. Craig, "Common misconceptions about the MOSFET body diode," GaN Systems, 23-Oct-2019. online: https://gansystems.com/newsroom/common-misconceptions-about-the-mosfet-body-diode/ (2021)
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Authors and Affiliations

Mikołaj Koszel
1
Piotr Grzejszczak
1
Bartosz Nowatkiewicz
2
Kornel Wolski
1

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Control and Industrial Electronics, Poland
  2. Wibar Technology Ltd., Poland
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Abstract

The aim of this study was to assess sand accumulation in the gastrointestinal tract and fecal sand excretion in Silesian foals using three diagnostic methods and taking into account the sex and age of the animals. Another aim of the study was to compare the three diagnostic methods. The study was carried out on 21 clinically healthy Silesian foals (10 females and 11 males) from 9-28 weeks old grazed on permanent pasture. The sand intake was assessed using a sedimentation test, abdominal ultrasonography and a quantitative evaluation of sand per 100 g of stool. In the sedimentation test, the sand was palpable in the stool of 57.1% of the horses, and clearly visible in 42.9% of the animals. The ultrasound examination revealed the presence of sand in the gastrointestinal tract in 66.7% of the horses. It was limited to a single location in 60% of the horses, while it was present in several regions in 40% of the horses. The mean amount of sand was 0.14 ± 0.33 g per 100 g of stool. It did not exceed 0.1g in 71.4% foals, while it ranged from 0.1-0.5 g in 23.8% foals. In 4.8% of the animals, it amounted to 1.6 g per 100 g of stool. There was no correlation between age and gender and the results. There was a positive correlation between the ultrasound examination and the sedimentation test.

Sand may be accumulated in the gastrointestinal tract of foals without any clinical signs. The amount of sand excreted in the stool is not an indicator of the amount of sand accumulated in the gastrointestinal tract. An abdominal ultrasound examination should be combined with a sedimentation test for more specific results.

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Authors and Affiliations

N. Siwińska
A. Łuczka
A. Żak
M. Słowikowska
A. Niedźwiedź

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