The war, which broke out in Ukraine on the 24th of February 2022, has left cities and infrastructure destroyed. While hostilities continue, war damage, including architectural monuments, is being recorded. The following paper is part of these activities. It aims to emphasise the scale of the destruction of cultural heritage sites and to identify the possibilities of their reconstruction and restoration. This study analyses international doctrinal documents and recommendations on the protection of historic monuments (e.g., ICOMOS), Ukrainian regulations and the literature on the reconstruction of historic urban layouts and architecture after the Second World War, primarily in Poland. The research is also based on methods used in restoration work, architectural survey documentation, and historical and comparative analysis. The war damage (as of May 2022) is discussed in general.
Russian rocket attacks are inflicting damage to sites in almost all of Ukraine, but the Kyiv, Chernihiv, Sumy, Kharkiv, Donetsk and Lugansk, Mykolaiv and Kherson regions have suffered the most. This paper presents examples of destruction in selected regions surveyed directly by the authors — the Ukrainian capital Kyiv, Chernihiv and Mykolaiv regions. In Kyiv, mainly residential buildings and shopping centres have been destroyed, whereas in the Mykolaiv region the scale of destruction has been greater, including residential build- ings, schools and Orthodox churches. The conclusions provide proposals for the post-war reconstruction of selected buildings.

The study presents an attempt at increasing the effectiveness of the crushing process through the application of a new original crumbling system. In the process of crushing materials, friction is present in many crushers as extremely significant or even dominating factor. The proposed construction solution is characterized by the occurrence – always on one of the working surfaces – of the static friction factor, and thus a friction that is greater than the kinetic friction.

The problem of Hungarian identity is one of the themes of Stanisław Vincenz’s essays written at the time of the Second World War. Inspired by Wincenty Pol’s thinking about relationship between the sense of geographical place and literature, he decided to explore the ‘general impact of landscape’ and in particular identify the place that would convey the essence of ‘Hungarianness’. The article looks at various aspects of this problem in Vincenz’s essay ‘Landscape – the background of history’ in the context of his other essays in which the idea of place is discussed. In effect, the article lays down a theoretical formula of indeterminate spots in modern literature. The indeterminate spot possesses six constitutive features: changeability and transmutability; fuzzy borders; shifty positioning between utopia and atopia; great semantic potential; the experience of place is involved in irreducible inconsistencies but rests on a solid ideological foundation.