Blue infrastructure is not only an element related to rainwater retention in a city but also a factor shaping urban space. As a result of the impact of blue infrastructure on form, function and character of urban space, a unique space is created – an urban blue space. The subject of the article is associated with the blue infrastructure on shape and character of urban spaces, as well as water-land spatial relations within urban blue space. Author of the article analised spatial relations occurring in port cities between aquatic and terrestrial space from perspective of the land, but also water, which is an equally important part of city’s area. As a result models of two-dimensional water-land relations have been recognised and described.
Blockchain technology currently receives a lot of public attention with its disruptive potential to rebuild a currently state of economy. While blockchain technology is treated potentially disruptive in socio-economic environment, there is a lack of understanding where and how blockchain technology is effectively applicable and where it has mentionable practical effects. The use of this technology inside many businesses caused a need to create a system of tools and methods allow properly description to generate valuable information for governments, management, customers etc. Due to a lack of information related to blockchain technology it is a must to explore potential of blockchain in the context of risk. This paper examinees a problem of implementation blockchain technology within finance industry. The main aim of the article was to outline how important is to understand potential of blockchain technology and its limitations, therefore the author prepared a model which can be used to classify blockchain technology implementations in finance industry. This study describes existing issues in the financial aspect.
The authors present a numerical study of a start-up of a boiler with a thick-walled element subjected to thermomechanical loading. The significance of calculations of real heat transfer coefficients has been demonstrated. Fluid dynamics, mechanical transient thermal and static structural calculations have been conducted in both separate and coupled modes. Strain-stress analyses prove that the effect of the heat transfer coefficient changing in time and place in comparison with a constant one as recommended by standards is the key factor of fatigue calculations.