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Abstract

The aim of this study was to determine how the change of glass laminate fibres to flax fibres will affect the stability of thin-walled angle columns. Numerical analyses were conducted by the finite element method. Short L-shaped columns with different configurations of reinforcing fibres and geometric parameters were tested. The axially compressed structures were simply supported on both ends. The lowest two bifurcation loads and their corresponding eigenmodes were determined. Several configurations of unidirectional fibre arrangement were tested. Moreover, the influence of a flange width change by ±100% and a column length change by ±33% on the bifurcation load of the compressed structure was determined. It was found that glass laminate could be successfully replaced with a bio-laminate with flax fibres. Similar results were obtained for both materials. For the same configuration of fibre arrangement, the flax laminate showed a lower sensitivity to the change in flange width than the glass material. However, the flax laminate column showed a greater sensitivity to changes in length than the glass laminate one. In a follow-up study, selected configurations will be tested experimentally.
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Bibliography

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[13] K. Strohrmann and M. Hajek. Bilinear approach to tensile properties of flax composites in finite element analyses. Journal of Materials Science, 54:1409–1421, 2019. doi: 10.1007/s10853-018-2912-1.
[14] Z. Mahboob, Y. Chemisky, F. Meraghni, and H. Bougherara. Mesoscale modelling of tensile response and damage evolution in natural fiber reinforced laminates. Composites Part B: Engineering, 119:168–183, 2017. doi: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2017.03.018.
[15] Z. Mahboob, I. El Sawi, R. Zdera, Z. Fawaz, and H. Bougherara. Tensile and compressive damaged response in Flax fiber reinforced epoxy composites. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 92:118–133, 2017. doi: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2016.11.007.
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[20] J. Gawryluk and A. Teter. Experimental-numerical studies on the first-ply failure analysis of real, thin-walled laminated angle columns subjected to uniform shortening. Composite Structures, 269:114046, 2021. doi: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2021.114046.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jarosław Gawryluk
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Applied Mechanics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, Lublin, Poland
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Abstract

The industrial grinding devices, which work in the high-energetic fluidized bed conditions make it possible to obtain guaranteed particle size distribution of product and decrease of consumption energy. The matrix model for transformation of particle size distribution in the fluidized bed opposed jet mill is presented in the part IV of article. The proposed model contains the mass population balance of particle equation, in which are block matrices: the matrix of circuit M, the matrix of inputs F and the matrix of feed F0. The matrix M contains blocks with the transition matrix P, the classification matrix C, the identity matrix I and the zero matrix 0. The matrix was marked using with discrete forms of the selection and breakage functions, mean while the matrices of classification - using the equation, describing classification of grains in the grinding chamber of mill. In paper was discussed this model in details (part 2.1). The correctness of received form of the selection and breakage functions was confirmed. The method determination of the transition matrix for fluidized-jet grinding of grains (part 2.2) and the classification matrix for gravitational and centrifugal zones of grains (part 2.3) are presented. The verification of model obtained on basis results with experimental investigations, which were performed on a laboratory fluidized bed opposed jet mill. The experiment contained grinding of selected narrow size fractions of limestone in turbulent fluidized layer conditions, what in part I and part II of article (Zbroński, Górecka-Zbrońska 2007a, b) are presented. The parameters of parametric identification were: factor of proportionality - contained in the equation on the discrete form of selection function and sizes of limiting grains - contained in equation on the diagonal elements of classification matrix for stage of gravitational and centrifugal (part 3). The classic Fisher-Snedecor test was applied for estimation of prediction particle size distribution of grinding product (part 4). The significant divergences between numerical and experimental results of particle size distribution weren't affirmed. The experimental verification, parametric identification and statistical estimation of the proposed model showed that this model make it possible to forecasting particle size distribution of grinding product.

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Authors and Affiliations

Daniel Zbroński
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Abstract

The main purpose of this paper is to reconstruct the approach to ambiguity presented in Tadeusz Pawłowski’s work Tworzenie pojęć w naukach humanistycznych („Creating concepts in the humanities”) (1986), to systematize and analyze this conception. Due to the fact that Pawłowski was a student of Tadeusz Kotarbiński and Janina Kotarbińska, and that he dealt with methodological issues concerning the language of science (and scientific philosophy), the background of my considerations is the tradition of the Lvov‑Warsaw School. In the article I also formulate some remarks on Pawłowski’s conception, as well as some other observations on ambiguity.
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Authors and Affiliations

Alicja Chybińska
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Uniwersytet Warszawski, Wydział Filozofii, ul. Krakowskie Przedmieście 3, 00-927 Warszawa
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Abstract

In the article I discuss the modal version of the so‑called ‘consequence argument’ for incompatibilism. I quote and review critical remarks that predominate in the literature, and try to answer them. I show that the main strategy employed with the view to undermining the consequence argument revolves on the meanings of expressions used in it. The premises are allegedly false, the conclusion is not strong enough, and the rules are incorrect. I object to this kind of strategy and claim that the consequence argument should be assessed on its merits and declared as correct. It is a strong reason in favor of the truth of incompatibilism.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Andrzej Nowakowski
1

  1. Uniwersytet Marii Curie‑Skłodowskiej w Lublinie, Wydział Filozofii i Socjologii, Pl. M. Curie‑Skłodowskiej 4, 20‑031 Lublin

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