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Abstract

The article presents the author’s considerations on the significance of the investment package diversifying natural gas supplies as part of the Northern Gate in ensuring Poland’s energy security. Data found in literature concerning the possibilities of importing the raw material by sea (terminals, gas pipelines) includes investments at various stages of concept development and construction. However, these documents lack cohesive information about a full investment package being implemented. The author has thus attempted at creating variants concerning the diversification capacities of the Republic of Poland in reference to several key offshore and onshore projects. A problem has therefore been formulated: To what extend will the Northern Gate investment package increase Poland’s energy security as a result of increased supply of natural gas from the sea? To answer this questions, researchers were forced to verify their working hypothesis which assumed that Northern Gate investments including a comprehensive package of projects had the potential of significantly improving the level of energy security in Poland by extending the possibility of importing natural gas. To solve the problem and verify the hypothesis, the researchers applied systemic analysis, deduction and variant analysis, which were used to estimate the possible import capacities of the raw material by sea. As a result of the works, the researchers created four variants including various investment projects assuming the import of 7.75 m3 to 30,95 B m3 of natural gas a year by sea. The variant which was adopted as the most probable indicates the possibility of importing 17.75 through 22.75 B m3 of gas a year, which is 111% of the average annual demand in Poland.

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Authors and Affiliations

Andrzej Rafał Miętkiewicz
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Abstract

In this work, a highly effective catalyst (MoO3) is synthesized and applied for catalytic wet air oxidation (CWAO) treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater. The catalyst is systematically characterized to investigate the morphology, crystal structure and chemical composition, and the findings demostrated that MoO3 catalyst is successfully synthesized. The degradation mechanism is also illustrated by the density functional theory (DFT) calculation. The degradation experiments confirm that MoO3 catalyst exhibits excellent catalytic performance in CWAO, and the removal rate of TOC (Total Organic Carbon) and COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) is achieved to more than 93%. The catalyst doses, reaction temperature and reaction time have a significant impact on the removal of pollutants. The degradation process of pollutants in CWAO could be satisfactorily fitted by the second-order kinetics. Besides, MoO3 displays a favorable stability as CWAO catalyst. DFT calculation illustrates that MoO3 catalyst is a typical indirect band gap semiconductor. Moreover, the high temperature environment provides the thermal excitation energy, which favors to the free electrons nearing Fermi level to escape the material surface, and excites them to the conduction band, then directly reduces the pollutants in CWAO. These findings demonstrate that MoO3 can be used as an efficient and excellent catalyst for CWAO of pharmaceutical wastewater.
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Authors and Affiliations

Chen Chen
1
Ting Cheng
2
Lei Wang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Yuan Tian
1
Qin Deng
1
Yisu Shi
1

  1. School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, China
  2. School of Environmental Ecology, Jiangsu City Vocational College, China
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Abstract

This paper investigated the problems and impacts of transient flow in pipeline systems due to pump power failure. The impact of different protection devices was presented to assure surge protection for the pipeline system. A model via Bent-ley HAMMER V8.0 Edition was employed to analyse and simulate hydraulic transients in the pipeline system, and protec-tion alternatives were studied.

Surge protection included using only an air vessel, using an air vessel and two surge tanks, and employing five air ves-sels and vacuum breaker. The obtained results for pressures, heads, and cavitation along the pipeline system were graph-ically presented for various operating conditions. Using five air vessels with vacuum breaker valve as surge protection proved to be more effective and economical against pump power failure.

Changing the flow density did not have a significant impact on the pressures.

For protection with an air vessel; it was concluded that the value 40% of the original diameter for inlet pipe diameter of air vessel, and the value of 2/3 of original pipe diameter were critical values for the transient pressures. Cast iron pipes proved to be the best pipe material for all studied volumes of the air vessel.

For protection with an air vessel and two surge tanks; as the inlet pipe diameters increased the maximum pressures in-creased and the minimum pressures decreased.

Regression analyses were performed obtaining equations to predict the pressures according to the inlet pipe diameter, the area of surge tank, and the pipe diameter.

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Authors and Affiliations

Alaa N. El-Hazek
Menna F. Ahmed
Neveen Abdel-Mageed Badawy
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Abstract

The rocks exposed along the western coast of Arctowski Peninsula and on offshore islands, Danco Coast (West Antarctica), represent the following lithostratigraphic units: the Trinity Peninsula Group metasediments (?Permian-Triassic); the Antarctic Peninsula Volcanic Group lavas, agglomerates and tuffs (Lower Cretaceous); the Andean Intrusive Suite, including adamellite, granite, granodiorite, diorite, tonalite and gabbro plutons (mid-Cretaceous), moreover basic and acid hypabyssal dykes (?Upper Cretaceous). The relationships between these rock-units are shown in geological map and sketches of field exposures.

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Authors and Affiliations

Krzysztof Birkenmajer
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Abstract

In this paper a method of analyzing air pollution data in an optional automatic measuring station, allowing for identification of the directions of the pollution inflow has been presented. The method is based on four parameters provided by the measuring station: pollution concentration, wind direction, wind speed and fluctuation of the wind directions. For the description of the wind direction fluctuation in 30-minutes' periods a coefficient of relative turbulent diffusion rr(3, 30) was used, which is defined as a deviation of 3-minutes' wind vectors from the 30-minutes' vector. The presented method was applied for identification of the inflow directions of SO2 and NO2 using the measuring data from a telemetric system OPSIS at the Institute for Ecology of Industrial Areas in Katowice-Załęże.
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Authors and Affiliations

Czesław Kliś
Mieczysław Żeglin
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Abstract

The paper focuses on Osip Mandelstam's Tristia cycle of poems, who proceeded to express the condition of a wronged person in the form of a lament, regret. The key principle of a poetic lament consisted in a contrast, which is why the authors of elegies opted for adopting a linear order, placing the consolatio as the final sequence. Mandelstam puts this linearity into question as an advocate of Bergson's notion of discontinuity of time, allowing to perceive a diversity of phenomena in their systemic manifestations as totally discrete, and yet – also in their wholeness. The linkage between the poet’s output and the philosophy of death, as revealed in Tristia, does not eliminate the notion of consolation, which reflects well Mandelstam's project of creating the language of joy, his vision of the world as a cultural whole, or his pet project of “universal domestication”. This is meant to shift attention to the so-called “things”, that may offer comfort derived from within the very act of experiencing beauty in its sensual dimension. The notion of gentleness is also essential, as it may well offer consolation as an indispensable component of being.

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Authors and Affiliations

Barbara Stawarz
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Abstract

Electronic reverse auctions (e-RAs) are considered to be an effective tool for negotiating tender prices and achieving cost savings. Furthermore, if multicritera evaluation is used, it can be expected that e-RAs will also contribute to achieving benefits in other areas, e.g. helping to minimize life-cycle costs. This study aims to analyse the mutual relationships between selected e-RA variables. More specifically, correlation analysis is applied to explore real e-RA data representing public tenders for construction work. This study’s findings reveal that the correlations examined are generally weak or very weak. Furthermore, it has been found that the value of correlation coefficients varies depending on the type of structure, and that public tenders are usually evaluated solely on the basis of the criterion of the lowest bid price. Recommendations for public authorities in using e-RAs in the role of the buyer are also provided at the end of this paper.

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Authors and Affiliations

T. Hanák

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