This paper address the rarely discussed issue of underwater areas. The author draws attention to the political and economic importance of areas on the sea bed’ both those areas that are under jurisdiction and those that are beyond any jurisdiction. In particular the article discusses international treaties relating to the sea bed. First, it analyzes the 2001 Paris Convention on the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage. Next, it discusses the new Nairobi International Convention on the Removal of Wrecks (2007). A further part of the article presents the decision to protect the wreck of the “Estonia” ferry (the Tallinn Agreement o f 1995) and the old Paris Convention (1884) on the protection of submarine cables. Finally, the author draws attention to the relatively low amount of interest of national legislation in issues connected with underwater areas and proposes concrete changes and additions to Polish maritime law.

During World War II a group of Polish exiles from the prewar Piłsudski faction issued at irregular intervals a bulletin called Letters from London. It published articles criticizing the Prime Minister in Exile General Wła-dysław Sikorski, and more vehemently, his successor Stanisław Mikołajczyk, for bowing down British and American pressure and making unacceptable conces-sions to the Soviet Union.

Scientists are focusing on the introduction of various types of renewable energy sources and the liberalization of energy markets in the regions of the country. The problems of preventing the achievement of goals and various strategies to achieve maximum energy conservation and overcoming the current economic and environmental crisis in Ukraine also remain unresolved. We can observe the experience of the leading countries in the electricity sector, which proves that reforming the electricity sector in Ukraine is inevitable. This, in turn, is a critical factor in stimulating economic and social growth and improving the competitiveness of the regions of Ukraine. Given the above, the necessity for the study of the level of efficiency (competitiveness) and the functioning of the regional energy markets of Ukraine is obvious.
This study shows that the efficiency of electricity in the western region is relatively low due to the lack of competition, the presence of an ineffective system of subsidizing the population with cheap resources, the non-transparency of trade operations, excessive regulation of state generation, the lack of a “balanced” system of market functioning, etc.

The latest global trends have led to significant changes in the nature of the world’s economic development. This impact has been particularly strong within the energy sector, forcing many countries to change their approaches to energy management. It is consequently relevant to consider this industry’s current state worldwide. In this research, we have examined the current situation of Australia’s energy sector as well as its prospects for development. In this way, the research focuses on assessing the country’s investment climate in the sector and the potential for further changes within it. The methods used in the study include analysis, modeling, forecasting, induction and deduction. Within the research, the impact that global trends, which are currently representative of the global energy market, have had on the development of this industry in Australia are assessed. Additionally, the inner specifics of the changes within the sector are described and investigated. In particular, the Australian energy sector development strategy is briefly described and trends in renewable and conventional energy production are assessed. The authors also describe the country’s prospects with regard to the current international energy market situation and the possible risks. This publication creates a new understanding in the energy sector, particularly in Australia, and its renewable and conventional components. Additionally, new data is being generated as part of the country’s economic research.

The UK’s decision to leave the EU illustrates some of the tensions embedded in European integration, enabling us to examine how nationalism and cosmopolitanism operate simultaneously, thus reinforcing each other. Furthermore, the prolonged Brexit negotiations have created a climate of protracted insecurity where the only certainty is uncertainty. This is particularly reflected in the migratory experiences of European citizens currently residing in the UK. Academic research has begun exploring the affective impact of Brexit; however, little is known about how processes of connection and disconnection operate simultaneously, nor which coping strategies European migrants have employed to navigate this state of in-betweenness. Using the anthropological notion of liminality as a lens, we draw on participant observation and semi-structured interviews to explore the experiences of Brexit and the coping practices of a range of (new) Bulgarian and (old) Italian European migrants. We argue that Brexit results in a loss of frames of reference for European migrants in the UK – which can be both liberating and unsettling, depending on migrants’ positioning as unequal EU subjects as well as their views on the nature of their future re-incorporation in post-Brexit Britain.