Search results

Filters

  • Journals
  • Authors
  • Keywords
  • Date
  • Type

Search results

Number of results: 9
items per page: 25 50 75
Sort by:
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

Bełchatów lignite deposit is located in the central partof Poland in the tectonic Kleszczów graben. It is dividedinto several parts, which are mining fields: Kamieńsk area (eastern part of the deposit), Bełchatów area (central partof the deposit) and Szczerców area (western part of the deposit). The subject of this study was the Belchatow area.The main issue of the investigations was the dependence of local, regional and global, horizontal variability of selected lignite qualitative parameters (moisture, ash content, calorific value and sulfur content in the as receivedstate) is a function of viewing direction. There was applied the geostatistical analysis of the lignite variability parameters with use of semivariograms.

The researches which were conducted at different scales of observation: in the locale scale – in small field size8 ́8 m called experimental area (local analysis), in larger homogeneous separated parts of the Belchatow area(regional analysis) and in the whole Bełchatów area scale (general analysis). The results proved the visible anisotropy of variability mine lignite parametres. Anisotropy structure observed in regional and global scale isconnected with tectonic structure of the Bełchatów Graben. The detailed studies show the variated level of anisotropy observed in different areas of Bełchatów field.

However, no dependence of the relative level of ash and total sulfur content anisotropy on the environment of sedimentation of the main coal deposit in different parts of the Belhchatów field has been observed. Both parameters characterize with strong or medium anisotropy level in examined fields. Moreover, anisotropy is alsovisible in the local scale. Conducted researches confirmed the thesis that zonal anisotropy is prevalent kind of anisotropy in the regional scale. In the range of the whole deposit the total sulfur content showed zonal anisotropy,whereas the ash content revealed geometric anisotropy

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Tomasz Bartuś
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

W polskiej socjologii panuje szereg nieporozumień wokół teorii aktora-sieci (ANT). Świetnie obrazuje to tekst An Invasion of Tricksters. Niniejszy artykuł jest odpowiedzią na jego zarzuty. Ambicje naszego tekstu wykraczają poza ukazanie błędów interpretacyjnych i innych niedostatków tego artykułu. Przede wszystkim konfrontujemy tu rożne strategie korzystania przez socjologów z ustaleń filozoficznych i omawiamy ich przydatność naukową. Dodatkowo oferujemy własną, wewnętrzną krytykę ANT.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Łukasz Afeltowicz
Krzysztof Pietrowicz
Radosław Sojak
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The analysis and assessment of the development of solar energy were carried out and it was noted that the production of solar electricity in the world has increased by more than 15% over the last year. In 2020 there are more than 37 countries with a total photovoltaic capacity of more than one GW, and the share of solar energy in total world electricity production was 8.15%. In the regional context, the largest production of electricity by solar energy sources is in Asia (at the expense of India and China) and North America (USA). The study assesses the main factors in the development of solar energy from the standpoint of environmental friendliness and stability of the electricity supply. The problem of the utilization of solar station equipment in the EU and the US is considered. According to the IPCC, IEA, Solar Power Europe, forecasting the development of solar energy in the world is considered. It is proved that the main factor in assessing the economic efficiency of solar energy production is a regional feature due to natural and climatic conditions (intensity of solar radiation). The use of solar generation is auxiliary for the operation of modern electrical networks as long as the efficiency of photovoltaic cells increases by at least 60–65%. Marginal costs of solar energy are minimal in those countries where active state support is provided. The competitiveness of solar energy is relatively low. However, from the standpoint of replacing energy fuel at a cost of USD 10 per 1 Gcal of solar energy saves 10–20 million tons of conventional fuel. Industrial production of solar electricity at modern solar power plants forms a price at the level of USD 250–450 for 1 MWh.
Go to article

Bibliography

Alawaji, S.H. 2001. Evaluation of solar energy research and its applications in Saudi Arabia – 20 years of experience. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 5, pp. 59–77, DOI: 10.1016/S1364-0321(00)00006-X.
Alster et al. 2021 – Alster, G., Brown, S. and Broadbent, H. 2021. Monthly European insights – ember. Ember-climate.org. [Online] https://www.ember-climate.org [Accessed: 2021-02-05].
BNEF 2021. BNEF Pioneers 2021. [Online] https://about.bnef.com [Accessed: 2021-05-11].
Ciuła et al. 2019 – Ciuła, J., Gaska, K., Siedlarz, D. and Koval, V. 2019. Management of sewage sludge energy use with the application of bi-functional bioreactor as an element of pure production in industry. E3S Web Conf. 123, 1016, DOI: 10.1051/e3sconf/201912301016.
David et al. 2020 – David, T.M., Silva Rocha Rizol, P.M., Guerreiro Machado, M.A. and Buccieri, G.P. 2020. Future research tendencies for solar energy management using a bibliometric analysis, 2000–2019. Heliyon 6, e04452, DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04452.
ELECTRICITY 2021. ELECTRICITY. [Online] https://www.eia.gov [Accessed: 2021-05-11].
EU Market Outlook... 2020. EU Market Outlook for Solar Power, 2020–2024. [Online] https://www.solar-powereurope.org/category/reports [Accessed: 2021-05-11].
European... 2020. European Pattern Recognition Project. [Online] https://europeanpatternrecognition.eu [Accessed: 2021-05-11].
Gielen et al. 2019 – Gielen, D., Boshell, F., Saygin, D., Bazilian, M.D., Wagner, N. and Gorini, R. 2019. The role of renewable energy in the global energy transformation. Energy Strateg. Rev. 24, 38–50, DOI: 10.1016/j.esr.2019.01.006.
Haddad et al. 2019 – Haddad, M., Nicod, J., Mainassara, Y.B., Rabehasaina, L., Al Masry, Z. and Péra, M. 2019. Wind and solar forecasting for renewable energy system using SARIMA-based model. [In:] International Conference on Time Series and Forecasting, Gran Canaria.
Hák et al. 2019 – Hák, T., Janoušková, S. and Moldan, B. 2016. Sustainable Development Goals: A need for relevant indicators. Ecol. Indic. 60, pp. 565–573, DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.08.003.
Hayes, J. 2012. A study on the effects of solar power. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas.
Household... 2021. Household electricity prices worldwide in September 2020, by select country. [Online] https://www.statista.com [Accessed: 2021-05-11].
Hutsaliuk et al. 2020 – Hutsaliuk, O., Koval, V., Tsimoshynska, O., Koval, M. and Skyba, H. 2020. Risk Management of Forming Enterprises Integration Corporate Strategy. TEM J. 9, pp. 1514–1523, DOI: 10.18421/TEM94-26.
IRENA 2020a. Renewable Capacity Statistics 2020. [Online] https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/ Agency/Publication/2020/Jun/IRENA_Power_Generation_Costs_2019.pdf [Accessed: 2021-05-11].
IRENA 2020b. Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2019. [Online] https://irena.org/publications/2020/ Mar/Renewable-Capacity-Statistics-2020 [Accessed: 2021-05-11].
Kaczmarzewski et al. 2019 – Kaczmarzewski, S., Olczak, P. and Halbina, A. 2019. Issues of photovoltaic installation size choice for a hard coal mine. E3S Web of Conferences, DOI: 10.1051/e3s-conf/201912301014.
Kaliappan et al. 2019 – Kaliappan, K., Sankar, M., Karthikeyan, B., Vineeth, B. and Raju, V.C. 2019. Analysis of solar energy technology in leading countries. International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems 10(4), 1995.
Koval et al. 2019a – Koval, V., Sribna, Y. and Gaska, K. 2019a. Energy Cooperation Ukraine–Poland to Strengthen Energy Security. E3S Web Conf. 132, 1009, DOI: 10.1051/e3sconf/201913201009.
Koval et al. 2019b – Koval, V., Sribna, Y., Mykolenko, O. and Vdovenko, N. 2019b. Environmenta concept of energy security solutions of local communities based on energy logistics. 19th Internation- al Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM 2019, International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference-SGEM. STEF92 Technology, 51 Alexander Malinov blvd, Sofia, 1712, Bulgaria, pp. 283–290, DOI: 10.5593/sgem2019/5.3/S21.036.
Kumar, M. 2020. Social, economic, and environmental impacts of renewable energy resources. [In:] Okedu, K.E. (ed.), Wind Solar Hybrid Renewable Energy System. IntechOpen, DOI: 10.8772/intero-pen77440.
Lewis, N.S. 2016. Research opportunities to advance solar energy utilization. Science 351(6271), pp. 62– –71, DOI: 10.1126/science.aad1920.
Majchrzak et al. 2021 – Majchrzak, K., Olczak, P., Matuszewska, D. and Wdowin, M. 2021. Economic and environmental assessment of the use of electric cars in Poland. Energy Policy Journal 24, pp. 153–168.
Mikhno et al. 2021 – Mikhno, I., Koval, V., Shvets, G., Garmatiuk, O. and Tamosiuniene, R. 2021. Green Economy in Sustainable Development and Improvement of Resource Efficiency. Cent. Eur. Bus. Rev. 10, pp. 99–113, DOI: 10.18267/j.cebr.252.
Mirowski, T. and Sornek, K. 2015. Potential of prosumer power engineering in Poland by example of micro PV installation in private construction. Energy Policy Journal 18, pp. 73–84.
Mulatu, M.A. 2017. Energy cooperation in communication of energy harvesting tags. AEU – Int. J. Electron. Commun. 71, pp. 145–151, DOI: 10.1016/j.aeue.2016.10.016.
Najmabadi, S. 2021. Texans blindsided by massive electric bills await details of Gov. Greg Abbott’s promised relief. Texas Trib. [Online] https://www.sanmarcosrecord.com [Accessed: 2021-05- -11].
Ohta, H. 2020. The Analysis of Japan’s Energy and Climate Policy from the Aspect of Anticipatory Governance. Energies 13(19), DOI: 10.3390/en13195153.
Olczak et al. 2021 – Olczak, P., Olek, M., Matuszewska, D., Dyczko, A. and Mania, T. 2021. Monofacial and Bifacial Micro PV Installation as Element of Energy Transition – The Case of Poland. Energies 14(2), DOI: 10.3390/en14020499.
Owusu, P.A. and Asumadu-Sarkodie, S. 2016. A review of renewable energy sources, sustainability issues and climate change mitigation. Cogent Eng. 3, 1167990, DOI: 10.1080/23311916.2016.1167990.
Pattanaik et al. 2020 – Pattanaik, D., Mishra, S., Khuntia, G.P., Dash, R. and Swain, S.C. 2020. An innovative learning approach for solar power forecasting using genetic algorithm and artificial neural network. Open Eng. 10, pp. 630–641, DOI: 10.1515/eng–2020-0073.
Ravirajan, P. 2017. Solar energy for sustainable development in developing countries. Ceylon Journal of Science 46(2), DOI: 10.4038/cjs.v46i2.7424.
Renewable energy 2021. [Online] https://ec.europa.eu/energy/topics/renewable-energy_enWWW [Accessed: 2021-05-11].
Shahsavari, A. and Akbari, M. 2018. Potential of solar energy in developing countries for reducing energy- related emissions. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 90, pp. 275–291, DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2018.03.065
Solar... 2021. Solar Industry Research Data. [Online] https://www.seia.org [Accessed: 2021-02-21].
Spillias et al. 2020 – Spillias, S., Kareiva, P., Ruckelshaus, M. and McDonald-Madden, E. 2020. Renewable energy targets may undermine their sustainability. Nat. Clim. Chang. 10, pp. 974–976. DOI: 10.1038/s41558-020-00939-x.
Sustainability... 2019. Sustainability Leadership Standard for Photovoltaic Modules and Photovoltaic Inverters, 2019. Michigan. The IPCC’s reports 2021. Intergov. Panel Clim. Chang. [Online] https://www.ipcc.ch/about/preparingreports [Accessed: 2021-02-21].
Total installed... 2020. Total installed power capacity by fuel and technology 2019–2025, main case. Int. Energy Agency. [Online] https://www.iea.org/ [Accessed: 2021-02-21].
Transforming... 2015. Transforming Our World: An Agenda for Sustainable Development until 2030. United Nation. [Online] https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org [Accessed: 2021-02-21].
Tsimoshynska et al. 2021 – Tsimoshynska, O., Koval, M., Kryshtal, H., Filipishyna, L., Arsawan, W.E. and Koval, V. 2021. Investing in road construction infrastructure projects under public-private partnership in the form of concession. Nauk. Visnyk Natsionalnoho Hirnychoho Universytetu, pp. 184–192, DOI: 10.33271/nvngu/2021-2/184.
Utility-Scale 2021. First Sol. [Online] https://www.firstsolar.com [Accessed: 2021-02-21].
Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine 2020. About modification of some laws of Ukraine concerning improvement. Kyiv.
Viebahn et al. 2011 – Viebahn, P., Lechon, Y. and Trieb, F. 2011. The potential role of concentrated solar power (CSP) in Africa and Europe – A dynamic assessment of technology development, cost development and life cycle inventories until 2050. Energy Policy 39, pp. 4420–4430, 4421.
Wan et al. 2015 – Wan, C., Zhao, J., Song, Y., Xu, Z., Lin, J. and Hu, Z. 2015. Photovoltaic and solar power forecasting for smart grid energy management. CSEE J. Power Energy Syst. 1, pp. 38–46, DOI: 10.17775/CSEEJPES.2015.00046.
Wang et al. 2017 – Wang, Y., Luo, G. and Kang, H. 2017. Successes and Failures of China’s Golden-Sun Program, in: Proceedings of the 2017 6th International Conference on Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development (ICEESD 2017). Atlantis Press, pp. 585–606, DOI: 10.2991/iceesd-17.2017.109.
Wang et al. 2019 – Wang, Q., Chang, P., Bai, R., Liu, W., Dai, J. and Tang, Y. 2019. Mitigation strategy for duck curve in high photovoltaic penetration power system using concentrating solar power station. Energies 12(18), DOI: 10.3390/en12183521.
Weckend et al. 2016 – Weckend, S., Wade, A. and Garvin, H. 2016. End-of-life management: Solar Photovoltaic Panels. International Renewable Energy Agency.
Wróblewski et al. 2021 – Wróblewski, P., Drożdż, W., Lewicki, W. and Miązek, P. 2021. Methodology for Assessing the Impact of Aperiodic Phenomena on the Energy Balance of Propulsion Engines in Vehicle Electromobility Systems for Given Areas. Energies 14(8), DOI: 10.3390/en14082314.
Żelazna et al. 2020 – Żelazna, A., Gołębiowska, J., Zdyb, A. and Pawłowski, A. 2020. A hybrid vs. on-grid photovoltaic system: Multicriteria analysis of environmental, economic, and technical aspects in life cycle perspective. Energies 13(15), DOI: 10.3390/en13153978.
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Yevheniia Sribna
1
ORCID: ORCID
Viktor Koval
2
ORCID: ORCID
Piotr Olczak
3
ORCID: ORCID
Dmytro Bizonych
4
Dominika Matuszewska
5
ORCID: ORCID
Oleksandr Shtyrov
6

  1. National University of Water Management and Environmental Engineering, Rivne, Ukraine
  2. National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
  3. Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
  4. Etalontechservice LLC, Kharkiv, Ukraine
  5. AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
  6. Petro Mohyla Black Sea National University, Mykolaiv
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The role of energy as a key factor in enhancing sustainable development, energy security, and economic competitiveness is a reason that has made energy efficiency trends tracking essential and is why policymakers and energy planners have focused on energy intensity and its following issues. Also, the inadequate operation of the traditional energy intensity index and the overestimation of its results turned this index into a weak one. Hence, it is necessary to employ a new index that can be decomposed and is capable of considering both monetary and physical activity indicators to offer a more accurate view of the energy intensity variation. This paper develops a Composite Energy Intensity Index by combining monetary and physical activity indicators by applying the multiplicative Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) in 2001–2011 to decompose the factors affecting energy intensity change and seeks to fill the gap between the EGR and CEI indices. The results of the survey demonstrate more economy-wide energy consumption reduction while using the composite energy intensity index as compared to the traditional energy intensity index; also, the results show the relatively important role of the overall structure effect. From Sectoral perspective results, both energy to GDP index (EGR) and composite energy intensity index (CEI) have shown passenger transport as the most energy-consuming sector. The passenger transport sector reveals an urgent need for implementing appropriate policies to reduce the high energy consumption of the sector.
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Mahta Ghafarian Ghadim
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ali Faridzad
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Energy, Agriculture and Environmental Economics, Faculty of Economics, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Iran
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The continuous improvement in the industries and organizations hinges upon the evaluation of their performance. In fact, the performance evaluation assists organizations to identify their strengths and weaknesses and, accordingly, enhance their efficiency. As soon as the concept of sustainability was propounded in the engineering based industries, the performance evaluation got more importance due to the environmental issues and social concerns along with the economical aspects. Therefore, this paper is an attempt to propose an approach based on fuzzy best-worst method (BWM) and fuzzy inference system (FIS) in order to evaluate the performance of an Iranian steel complex in terms of sustainability concept. In the proposed approach, the weights of some selected criteria were determined by fuzzy BWM method and, then, the score of the under study industry was calculated in terms of economic, environmental, and social aspects. At the end, an FIS was developed to calculate the final score of the intended industry. In order to check the efficiency of the proposed approach, its performance was measured using expert knowledge as well as real data of a steel complex in Iran. A moderate to high performance has been achieved for the understudy case through conducting the proposed approach. It was suggested that the industry should focus on the criteria with both high weights and low evaluated scores (for example the environmental management technologies and knowledge criterion) to increase its performance evaluation score. The obtained results were indicative of the efficiency of the proposed approach.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Mehdi Pezeshkan
Navid Hosseini
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The paper presents a global perspective of the current technologies used for steel production and the steel markets. The iron and steel industry is a very complex sector that is strongly related with the rest of the economy due to the importance of steel products for industries such as construction, automotive, and other manufacturing sectors. Moreover, the iron and steel industry demands significant amounts of raw materials and energy, and most companies producing raw materials are located remote from the areas of highest steel demand. In consequence, both steel products and inputs are traded internationally (mostly by sea) and in large quantities, what additionally complicates analyses of the iron and steel industry. Steel prices depend on several variables, and there is not a single price for steel since there is a great variety of steel products traded. Those prices depend on supply and demand interaction (between steel producers and consumers, but also on interaction with other industries competing for the same inputs), and on transport conditions. As concerns the ownership structure, the steel industry consists of some large firms that operate globally and produce significant output, and many small firms that operate at a lesser scale. Recently, some of those firms have consolidated into large multinationals (such as ArcelorMittal, formed in 2006 by the merger of Arcelor and Mittal Steel, Arcelor being the result of the previous merger of Aceralia (ES), Usinor (FR), and Arbed (LX) in 2002). The results of this article form the basis for further long- and mid-term analyses of the development of the global steel industry. The main conclusion of the paper is that any future analysis of the iron and steel industry should be based on quantitative modelling tools that: (i) properly capture the technological diversity of the industry and the key features of the supply chain, (ii) are able to consider the strategic behaviour of all the key players of the industry, and (iii) consider all those factors at the global scale.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Ignacio Hidalgo González
Jacek Kamiński
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

Every social group exhibits a need to make decisions that are binding for all its members and the participation of various interest groups in decision-making today is an integral part of modern political and legal thought as well as administrative processes. Recently, increased community engagement and greater awareness of the society with regard to the possibility of influencing the development on a microregion (commune) scale have also been observed. This often translates into problems in obtaining a social license for a given project, which is particularly visible in mining activities. However, obtaining such a license requires the involvement and awareness of many stakeholder groups on which a project will have a direct impact. It should be ensured that this engagement takes place at a very early stage of a given project. In the case of mining activity, which is possible only after obtaining appropriate licenses (exploration or exploitation), this involvement takes the form of public consultation. This is due to the legal conditions presented in the following article for 3 EU countries (Poland, Austria, Sweden) and Serbia. The analysis showed that participation is mainly at the level of consultation in all countries and is an important element of the environmental impact assessment (EIA) procedure of the mining project, which is an important stage in obtaining a mining (less frequently exploration) license. Public consultations at the stage of spatial planning are also present and have a diverse scope. However, special attention should be paid to these as they are crucial for proper mineral deposit safeguarding. Stakeholders’ awareness of planning decisions taken by local authorities can be crucial for the fast path to obtaining both formal and informal concessions, which takes the form of social license to operate (SLO).
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Alicja Kot-Niewiadomska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Vladimir Simić
2
Michael Tost
3
Linda Wårell
4

  1. Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
  2. University of Belgrade, Faculty of Mining and Geology, Serbia
  3. Montanuniversität Leoben, Chair of Mining Engineering and Mineral Economics, Austria
  4. Luleå University of Technology, Department of Social Sciences, Sweden
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

Modern technologies have been revolutionizing industries for years, providing competitive advantages to companies. As a technology based on decentralization, Blockchain becomes a tool to support and secure processes and transactions in industries such as mining and power engineering. It also supports supply chain processes, which are particularly important in today's mining business. The use of advanced cryptography methods results in increased cyber security in entities that implement such solutions. The use of Blockchain technology carries a strong message, both to competitors and customers, about intensifying work on authentication and process traceability. This publication focuses on defining the trust gap problem in the mining industry and on examples of the use of technology in data traceability processes. The mining industry is beginning to use technologies which had been previously available only in the theoretical realm. The ongoing development towards a smart industry entails a number of studies and expert assessments, aimed to integrate knowledge from the mining and IT areas. The combination of these research areas leads to an increase in the value of both the companies implementing modern technologies and traditional companies that implement such applications in their value chain. Based on the analyzed articles, two main areas of consideration in the context of the extractive industry were distinguished: systems that track and secure the flow of data in specific mining processes and systems that monitor and secure information on processes which support the raw materials supply chain.
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Tomasz Leśniak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Arkadiusz Jacek Kustra
1
ORCID: ORCID
Elżbieta Królikowska
2

  1. AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
  2. Jastrzębska Spółka Węglowa S.A., Jastrzębie-Zdroje, Poland
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The aim of this cross-sectional study is to examine if neglect is associated with self-rated health (SRH) and if neglect mediates the association between selected factors and self-rated health, among older men and women. The analyses were based on face-to-face computer-assisted personal interviews con-ducted with 1632 randomly selected community-dwelling individuals aged 65 years and more from among the general population of Lesser Poland. The regression models’ analysis revealed that elder neglect was associated with self-rated health, and the mediation analysis demonstrated that neglect mediates the association between frequency of church attendance and SRH, as well as between marital status (being a widower vs being married) and SRH, among men. These observations can be helpful in better under-standing of the broad context of elder neglect in order to develop instruments for an efficient improve-ment of older adults’ health and quality of life. In addition to this, the study underlines the role of social networks and social engagement as factors which might protect against neglect, and thus improve self- rated health of older people.
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Agata Stodolska
1
Katarzyna Zawisza
1
Barbara Wizner
2
Beata Tobiasz-Adamczyk
1
Tomasz Grodzicki
2

  1. Chair of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
  2. Chair of Internal Medicine and Gerontology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland

This page uses 'cookies'. Learn more