Artykuł prezentuje podstawy współczesnej teorii elit, znanej jako demokratyczny elityzm. Rozpoczyna się od zarysu dyskusji nad elitami w demokracjach w latach sześćdziesiątych i siedemdziesiątych ubiegłego wieku, dającej początki dzisiejszego ujęcia. Następnie zarysowane są zmiany makrospołeczne i makropolityczne w ostatnich dekadach, w tym zmiany w systemach partyjnych, związane silnie z globalizacją i określane ogólnym mianem „nowej polityki”. W zasadniczej części uwaga skupia się na twierdzeniach paradygmatu demokratycznego elityzmu, związanych z relacjami wewnątrz elit i koncepcją „konfiguracji elit” Johna Higleya, która stanowi ważne narzędzie analityczne i w istotny sposób wiąże się z cechami reżimów politycznych i efektywnością demokracji. W zakończeniu podkreślone jest ogólne przesłanie paradygmatu, nakazujące brać pod uwagę zmienne opisujące elity, w przeciwnym bowiem razie wyjaśnienia wynikające z badań będą ignorowały ważne determinanty i w efekcie będą niekompletne.
Artykuł poświęcony jest analizie procesu formowania i przekształcania się polskich ruchów miejskich. Autor swoje wnioski wyprowadza na bazie projektu badawczego: „Miejskie ruchy społeczne w Polsce”, w ramach którego zrealizował 30 wywiadów pogłębionych z liderami i liderkami ruchów miejskich z różnych miast. W swojej analizie autor wskazuje na dwie fazy rozwoju polskich ruchów miejskich. Pierwszą formacyjną z lat 2007–2014 zorientowaną głównie na kwestię tzw. wynajdywania miejskości oraz drugą po 2014 roku, kiedy to krystalizuje się tożsamość ruchu społecznego i zaczyna on nabierać charakteru politycznego.
The main subject of research in this paper is glauconite with its useful parameters, which is the object of exploitation in the “Górka Lubartowska-Niedźwiada” deposit. The main glauconitic horizon (lower Eocene) is built by loamy fine-grained and medium greenish sands with marine fauna and fragments of amber (ca. 7 m thick). Thin lamins and pockets of silts containing phosphorites and also glauconitic sands with underlaying very thin quartz-glauconitic sands are found at the bottom of this layer. The glauconite deposit in “Górka Lubartowska-Niedźwiada” is an amount of ca. 30% by volume of the main glauconitic horizon. Glauconite of the 1M polytype (XRD) shows large granulometric and morphological differentiation (SEM-EDS). It frequently contains aggregations of euhedral or framboidal pyrite grains (RS), which is indicative of the euxinic nature of the formation environment of the rocks under study. The individual glauconite grains show distinct chemical variability, manifested in a lower share of Al2O3 and an increased content of MgO and CaO (EPMA, XRF). At the same time, a large share of K2O (above 8% by weight) allows it to be included in highly matured glauconite, thus it can be considered as a potential raw material for the production of mineral fertilizers. The association of glauconite with phosphates (SEM-EDS) and anatase inclusions in the grains of glauconite (RS) indirectly point to the contribution of the decomposing organic matter to the formation of grains of this mineral. The xylite fragments preserved in the sediment show a low degree of coalification, which is typical of soft lignite. This also shows that the transformation process was taking place under a relatively small overburden.
Marine structures are one of the most important industrial and military equipment in each country that should be protected against external forces. The main aim of this paper is a detailed investigation of the underwater explosion (UNDEX) and its effects on marine structures. For this purpose, the UNDEX structure was studied qualitatively and quantitatively using numerical methods. Then, the effects of blast waves on a marine structure reinforced by perpendicular blades were investigated. Finite element and finite volume schemes were used for discretization of the governing equations in the solid and fluid media, respectively. Also, for fluid-structure interaction (FSI), results of fluid and solid media were mapped to each other using the two-way FSI coupling methods. A comparison of numerical results with the empirical formula revealed that the trend of pressure-time curves was reasonable, approving the validity of the numerical method. Moreover, the numerical results indicated that detonation of 1 kg trinitrotoluene (TNT) creates a pressure wave with maximum amplitude of 24 MPa at a distance of 2 m. Also, it was found that the reinforcement blades can be used to improve the resistance of structures against explosive charges, which also results in the reduction of structures deformation.
This study analyses and compares the fertility behaviour and childbearing plans of Polish migrant fam-ilies in Ireland and those of their counterparts – families in Poland. The study has a comparative and explanatory character and applies both quantitative and qualitative methods. The analysis is based on the author’s own data collected from an online survey of Polish family units in Ireland in 2014 and compared with secondary data on families in Poland retrieved from the 2011 Gender and Generation Survey (GGS). My research reveals fertility postponement and fewer families with children among mi-grant families; nonetheless, migrant parents have more children than their counterparts in Poland. The results highlight the significance of socio-economic and institutional contexts. The study also reveals a dichotomisation of fertility strategies within the migrant population, with distinct differences in the number of children, transition age to parenthood, and further fertility intentions between migrants who became parents in Poland and those who did so after the move. The results also provide insights into the childbearing motivations and fertility patterns of recent Polish migrants and contribute to the dis-cussion of migrants’ fertility in general.
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