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The German-Polish Treaties of 1970 and 1990/1991 and the Question of Reparations

Stephan Hobe
Polish Yearbook of International Law | 2021 | No XLI | 57-62 | DOI: 10.24425/pyil.2022.142338
Keywords reparations London Debt Agreement of 1953 Polish-German Treaty of 1970 2+4 Treaty reparations and individual claims
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Abstract

The article takes the renewed demands of the Polish government as an opportunity to examine the question of whether Germany is obliged to pay reparations to Poland. Based on an analysis of the international agreements concluded since 1945, it can be shown that the Polish government’s demands on Germany are unfounded.
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Authors and Affiliations

Stephan Hobe
1
  1. Professor, Dr. h.c., Director of the Institute for Air Law, Space Law and Cyber Law, University of Cologne (Cologne)

Reduced deformed wing virus of Apis mellifera L. nurses by high fat diets under laboratory conditions

Baida Mohsen Alshukri Mushtaq Talib Al-Esawy
Journal of Plant Protection Research | 2021 | vol. 61 | No 1 | 57-62 | DOI: 10.24425/jppr.2021.136269
Keywords deformed wing virus fat diets honey bee nutrition protein
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Abstract

Deformed wing virus (DWV) is one of the most widespread viral infections of European honey bee Apis mellifera L. worldwide. So far, this is the first study which tested the effect of different ratios of synthetic protein to fat (P : F) diets on the health of broodless nurseaged honey bees in the laboratory. The aim of the current study was to determine the load of DWV in the whole body of A. mellifera that were fed different ratios of P : F diets (25 : 1, 10 : 1, 5 : 1, 1 : 1, 1 : 5, 1 : 10, 1 : 12.5 and 1 : 0 as a control). The methods involved feeding bees the tested diets for 10 days and then measuring the virus titre using qPCR technique. The results showed that DWV concentration decreased as the fat content of diets consumed increased. The copy number of viral genomes declined from 7.5 × 105 in the zero-fat diet (1 : 0) to 1.6 × 102 virus genomes in 1 : 12.5 (P : F). We can conclude that there is a positive relationship between fat diets and bee immunity and overall results suggest a connection between fat diet and bee health, indicating that colony losses can be reduced by providing a certain protein and fat supplemental feeding.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Baida Mohsen Alshukri
1
Mushtaq Talib Al-Esawy
1 2
  1. Plant Protection Department, University of Kufa, Najaf Governorate, Iraq
  2. Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom

The new report of domestic wastewater treatment and bioelectricity generation using Dieffenbachia seguine constructed wetland coupling microbial fuel cell (CW-MFC)

Pimprapa Chaijak Phachirarat Sola
Archives of Environmental Protection | 2023 | vol. 49 | No 1 | 57-62 | DOI: 10.24425/aep.2023.144737
Keywords wastewater treatment biodegradation microbial fuel cell electricity generation macrophyte biocatalyst
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Abstract

The constructed wetland integrated with microbial fuel cell (CW-MFC) has gained attention in wastewater treatment and electricity generation owing to its electricity generation and xenobiotic removal efficiencies. This study aims to use the CW-MFC with different macrophytes for domestic wastewater treatment and simultaneously electricity generation without chemical addition. The various macrophytes such as Crinum asiaticum, Canna indica, Hanguana malayana, Philodendron erubescens, and Dieffenbachia seguine were used as a cathodic biocatalyst. The electrochemical properties such as half-cell potential and power density were determined. For wastewater treatment, the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and other chemical compositions were measured. The results of electrochemical properties showed that the maximal half-cell potential was achieved from the macrophyte D. seguine. While the maximal power output of 5.42±0.17 mW/m2 (7.75±0.24 mW/m3) was gained from the CW-MFC with D. seguine cathode. Moreover, this CW-MFC was able to remove COD, ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, and phosphate of 94.00±0.05%, 64.31±0.20%, 50.02±0.10%, 48.00±0.30%, and 42.05±0.10% respectively. This study gained new knowledge about using CW-MFC planted with the macrophyte D. seguine for domestic wastewater treatment and generation of electrical power as a by-product without xenobiotic discharge.
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Authors and Affiliations

Pimprapa Chaijak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Phachirarat Sola
2
  1. Thaksin University, Thailand
  2. Thailand Institute of Nuclear Technology (Public Organization) (TINT), Thailand

Mold Temperature and Its Effect on Selected Properties of Cast AlSi5Cu2Mg Alloy

L. Širanec D. Bolibruchová M. Chalupová
Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2022 | vol. 22 | No 2 | 57-62 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2022.140225
Keywords Mold temperature AlSi5Cu2Mg Cylinder head
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Abstract

The European Commission's ambitious plan to reduce CO2 emissions has a significant impact on the global automotive industry. Recent development of new diesel and petrol engines with direct injection is aimed at improving fuel efficiency while maintaining (or enhancing) engine performance. This naturally also increases the demands on the properties of the most stressed engine components (e.g., cylinder heads, engine blocks, pistons), which leads to the development of new materials. Presented work analysed the effect of different mold temperatures (60; 120; 180 °C) on mechanical, physical properties and microstructure of AlSi5Cu2Mg aluminium alloy. This alloy is currently being used for the production of cylinder head castings. The results showed that the changing mold temperature had an effect on mechanical properties (ultimate tensile strength and Young modulus values). SEM with EDX analysis of intermetallic phases revealed there were no size and morphology changes of Cu, Mg and Fe intermetallic phases when the mold temperature changed. No significant effect of different mold temperature on physical properties (thermal and electrical conductivity) and fracture mechanism occurred during experiment. Optimal combination of mechanical and physical properties of AlSi5Cu2Mg alloy was achieved using a permanent mold with temperature ranging from 120 to 180 °C.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

L. Širanec
1
ORCID: ORCID
D. Bolibruchová
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Chalupová
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Department of Technological Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Žilina, Slovakia

Analysis of the Possibility of Using Selected Hash Functions Submitted for the SHA-3 Competition in the SDEx Encryption Method

Artur Hłobaż
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2022 | vol. 68 | No 1 | 57-62 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2022.139848
Keywords secure communication data encryption data security secure transmission secure data exchange method SDEx method end-to-end data security
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Abstract

The paper presents analysis of the possibility of using selected hash functions submitted for the SHA-3 competition in the SDEx encryption method. The group of these functions will include the finalists of the SHA-3 competition, i.e. BLAKE, Grøstl, JH, Keccak, Skein. The aim of the analysis is to develop more secure and faster cryptographic algorithm compared to the current version of the SDEx method with SHA- 512 and the AES algorithm. When considering the speed of algorithms, mainly the software implementation will be taken into account, as it is the most commonly used.
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Authors and Affiliations

Artur Hłobaż
1
  1. Faculty of Physics and Applied Informatics, University of Lodz, Poland

Hutch diverticulum: from embryology to clinical practice

Ioanna Gkalonaki Michail Anastasakis Christina Panteli Ioannis Patoulias
Folia Medica Cracoviensia | 2022 | Vol. 62 | No 4 | 57-62 | DOI: 10.24425/fmc.2022.144083
Keywords congenital diverticulum paraureteric (Hutch) Waldeyer’s fascia ureterovesical junction vesicoureteral reflux child
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Abstract

Hutch Diverticulum (HD) is defined as the protrusion of the mucosal and submucosal layer through the muscle bundles of the underlying detrusor muscle. HD is located at the vesicoureteral junction with a backward direction from the homolateral ureteral orifice. As far as its etiology is con-cerned, HD is caused either by a congenital muscle wall defect at the level where the Waldeyer’s fascia occupies the clefts between the vesical part of the homolateral ureter and the detrusor, or is associated with abortive ureteral duplication or defective incorporation of mesonephric duct into the bladder at the site of ureteral hiatus or finally is associated with the development of transient urethral obstruction. HD is usually unilateral and more common in male patients. It may be associated with the Ehlers-Danlos, Williams-Elfin and Menkes syndromes. HD usually occurs in childhood and rarely during adulthood. It is found in 0.2–13% of all children presenting with urinary tract infection. Through this short review article, we attempt to present in detail the most recent bibliographic data concerning this entity, focusing on pathophysiology, diagnostic approach, and treatment strategy.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ioanna Gkalonaki
1
ORCID: ORCID
Michail Anastasakis
1
Christina Panteli
1
Ioannis Patoulias
1
  1. First Department of Pediatric Surgery, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, General Hospital “G. Gennimatas”, Thessaloniki, Greece

Optimization of microstructured fibers with germanium-doped core for broad normal dispersion range

J. Biedrzycki K. Tarnowski W. Urbańczyk
Opto-Electronics Review | 2018 | vol. 26 | No 1 | 57-62
Keywords Nonlinear optics Fibers Supercontinuum generation Silica Dispersion Microstructured fibers
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Abstract

We have numerically studied different designs of technologically feasible microstructured fibers with a germanium-doped core in order to obtain normal dispersion reaching possibly far in the mid infrared. Hexagonal, Kagome and the combination of both geometries were numerically examined with respect to different constructional parameters like pitch distance, filling factor of air holes, number of layers surrounding the core, and level of germanium doping in the core. Our analysis showed that the broadest range of normal dispersion reaching 2.81 μm, while keeping an effective mode area smaller than 30 μm2, was achieved for a hexagonal lattice and a 40 mol% GeO2 doped core. The proposed fibers designs can be used in generation of a normal dispersion supercontinuum reaching the mid-IR region.

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Authors and Affiliations

J. Biedrzycki
K. Tarnowski
W. Urbańczyk

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