Growing awareness for occupational safety in the welding environment needs a sustainable welding system. Welding gases releases toxic tiny particles and gases that inflict severe health consequences in the weld zone are unsolicited. Some of the other main adverse effects are lung disease, hemoptysis, pulmonary inflammation, pneumoconiosis, etc. GMAW procedure has been used for welding 316L stainless steel plates of 3 mm, 5 mm, and 6 mm. Various current configurations with gas flow rate of 5 LPM, 10 LPM and 15 LPM were also used to achieve optimum butt joint performance and to reduce the production rate of fume contributing to cost-effectiveness. In this research a cost-effective fume extraction hood was fabricated for measuring Emission factor produced during welding. Various shielding gas compositions including Pure Argon, Pure CO2, 92% Ar+8% CO2 and 88% Ar+12% CO2 were used to determine the best operating parameters in the GMAW method. To satisfy the latest Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) legislation, optimum technical parameters for efficient welding were acknowledged with the lowest emission factor. A maximum reduction of Emission factor can be achieved by using Pure Argon. The inclusion of CO2 as a shielding gas mixture gives higher emission factor when compared to Pure Argon. Very low emission factor were witnessed in this research when compared to previous investigations. Lower emission factor of 2941.17 mg /kg of electrode, 4411.76 mg/kg of electrode and 7352.94 mg/kg of electrode were obtained for pure argon as shielding gas with 150 A welding current.

Early lactation period in dairy cows could be harmful to their health since it is challenging and demanding. Proinflammatory cytokine concentrations are increased in the early phase of the inflammatory response and during the early lactation period in cows. The aim of this study was to determine if ketoprofen treatment in the first days following parturition would decrease proinflammatory cytokine concentration and their correlation between lipid mobilization, ketogenesis and metabolic parameters in cows. The study was conducted on 30 cows divided into two groups of 15 cows each. The experimental group was treated with 3 mg × kg.bw.-1 ketoprofen for three consecutive days after parturition. The blood samples were collected on the first day of treatment and in the first and second week postpartum and they were analyzed for biochemical parameters such as non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), glucose, cholesterol and total bilirubine and inflammatory parameters such as tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1α (IL-1α) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ). The results suggested that ketoprofen- treated cows had a significantly lower concentration of TNF-α, IL-1α, IFN-γ, NEFA and BHBA in the first and second postpartum week compared to the control group. Ketoprofen administration increased glucose levels (the first week, p<0.05), increased cholesterol levels (the second week, p<0.01) and decreased serum total bilirubin levels (second week, p<0.01) compared to the control group of cows. A positive correlation was found between TNF-α and NEFA and total bilirubin, significantly more expressed in the control than in experimental group of cows (p<0.01) and it was also found between IL-1α and NEFA (p<0.01). A negative correlation was found between TNF-α and glucose and cholesterol, significantly more expressed in the control than in experimental group of cows (p<0.01). A positive correlation was also found between IL-1α and glucose (p<0.01). Ketoprofen given parenterally to Holstein cows immediately after calving could reduce inflammation and decrease the relation between inflammatory response and lipogenesis and ketogenesis in postpartum cows.