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New algorithms of GPS post-processing for multiple baseline modelsand analogies to classical geodetic networks

Roman Kadaj
Geodesy and Cartography | 2008 | vol. 57 | No. 2 | 61-79
Keywords GPS post-processing carrier phase differences triple-differences multiplebaseline session elimination of nuisance parameters BETA method diagonal weightmatrix
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Abstract

The paper presents new differencing algorithms for post-processing GPS data, using double or triple carrier phase differences and multiple baseline sessions. The characteristic feature of the new algorithms is, that they use full sets of Schreiber's type observation differences with theoretically proved diagonal weight matrices. The proposed estimation models are equivalent to the least squares estimation applied to the original system of un-differenced observation equations. The theoretical ground of the algorithms are the theorems on the properties of differencing equations of Schreiber's type. The theorems become practically useful mainly in case of functional models with triple-differences. In a classical approach, this task was simplified for the sake of necessity of inverting non diagonal covariance matrix, usually of a large dimension. Diagonal weight matrix is also obtained in case of multiple point observation session where correlation of the GPS vectors forces in practice the use of the simplified stochastic models. The proposed method eliminates also the problem of selection of a reference satellite. It is very important especially in case of long observation sessions. The algorithms are applied in professional software for GPS relative positioning.
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Authors and Affiliations

Roman Kadaj
ORCID: ORCID

Antarctic oceanobiological expeditions organized by the Polish Academy of Sciences

Stanisław Rakusa-Suszczewski Krzysztof Jażdżewski Ryszard Ligowski
Polish Polar Research | 1998 | vol. 19 | No 1-2 | 61-79
Keywords Antarctica oceanobiology Poland
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Abstract

The paper provides information on oceanobiological expeditions to the Antarctic organized by Polish Academy of Sciences. The scope of research of five expeditions is described and main achievements of Polish Antarctic studies are summarized.

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Authors and Affiliations

Stanisław Rakusa-Suszczewski
Krzysztof Jażdżewski
Ryszard Ligowski

Inactive at Home – Inactive Abroad: Civic Participation of Polish Migrants

Michał Nowosielski Piotr Cichocki
Studia Socjologiczne | 2023 | No 2 | 61-79 | DOI: 10.24425/sts.2023.146169
Keywords civic participation integration NGOs Polish migrants host country
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Abstract

This paper examines the patterns of civic participation among Polish migrants in nine European countries. The study is based on an internet survey (with 5000 respondents) and qualitative research with activists and experts. The paper serves two principal research goals: (1) exploring formal civic participation in NGOs of the country of residence among the post-2004 Polish migrants, and (2) establishing the principal predictors of Polish migrants’ involvement in the host-country NGOs. Our research leads to two principal conclusions. Firstly, the level of civic activity before migration constitutes a crucial factor in predicting the propensity to engage with host-country NGOs after migration. Our results suggest a robust country-of-origin effect on the patterns of civic engagement abroad. Secondly, however, the likelihood of civic participation grows with time, i.e., the higher the length of stay, the higher the propensity to participate, suggesting the socialization process towards the host-country civic norms and away from the country-of-origin legacy.
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Authors and Affiliations

Michał Nowosielski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Piotr Cichocki
2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Uniwersytet WSB Merito w Gdańsku
  2. Wydział Socjologii, Uniwersytet Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu

Kobieca solidarność międzypokoleniowa oczyma trzech generacji kobiet

Aldona Żurek
Studia Socjologiczne | 2022 | No 1 | 61-79 | DOI: 10.24425/sts.2022.140596
Keywords rodzina pokolenia solidarność rodzinna solidarność kobiet
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Abstract

Celem artykułu była prezentacja zjawiska solidarności kobiet ujętych w kontekst Strajku Kobiet. Solidarność kobieca przedstawiona została w odniesieniu do dwóch kategorii kobiet. Pierwszej reprezentowanej przez kobiety znajdujące się w fazie ontogenetycznej, w której możliwa jest prokreacja. Druga dotyczyła tych kobiet, które nie mogą już urodzić dziecka. Analizując zebrane dane empiryczne autorce chodziło o uzyskanie odpowiedzi na pytanie o to, jaki charakter ma solidarność kobieca, zwłaszcza ta, która łączy pokolenia. Zjawisko solidarności kobiet zaprezentowane zostało w dwóch perspektywach: manifestującym się w codziennym życiu rodzin, a także mającym miejsce ze względu na wyjątkową sytuację społeczną, jaką był Strajk Kobiet.
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Authors and Affiliations

Aldona Żurek
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu

Studies and Usability of Settler with Lamella Packing Plates Type

Jan Hehlmann Andrzej Bryczkowski Edyta Kujawska
Archives of Environmental Protection | 2001 | vol. 27 | No 2 | 61-79
Keywords sedimentation settlers lamella packing
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Abstract

There have been presented results of perennial studies of sedimentation process. Several materials of diversified parameters which are characteristic for water and technological treatment process have been examined by means of model installations. For experiments there have been used lamella and multichannels packing with different geometric configurations. The correlation equations enabling design of industrial and highly effective settlers have been elaborated on the basis of fractional effectiveness model.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jan Hehlmann
Andrzej Bryczkowski
Edyta Kujawska

System effects of primary energy reduction connected with operation of the CHP plants

Andrzej Ziębik Paweł Gładysz
Archives of Thermodynamics | 2017 | No 2 | 61-79 | DOI: 10.1515/aoter-2017-0010
Keywords cogeneration trigeneration amine CO2 capture system effects
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Abstract

The paper is devoted to explication of one of the advantages of heat and electricity cogeneration, rarely considered in technical literature. Usually attention is paid to the fact that heat losses of the heat distribution network are less severe in the case of cogeneration of heat in comparison with its separate production. But this conclusion is also true in other cases when the internal consumption of heat is significant. In this paper it has been proved in the case of two examples concerning trigeneration technology with an absorption chiller cooperating with a combined heat and power (CHP) plant and CHP plant integrated with amine post-combustion CO2processing unit. In both considered cases it might be said that thanks to cogeneration we have to do with less severe consequences of significant demand of heat for internal purposes.

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Authors and Affiliations

Andrzej Ziębik
Paweł Gładysz

Contemporary problems in the protection of shipping vessels during armed conflict

Andrzej Makowski
Prawo Morskie | 2006 | No XXII | 61-79
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Abstract

International armed conflicts in the twenty-first century will not be limited only to terrestrial territories of the opposing forces. Seas will not only be used for long term dislocation and concentration of forces, but will again become a theater o f war operations. Future armed conflicts will have a significant impact on international shipping activities since 90% of world trade is conducted via maritime shipping. Thus, it can be concluded that all the countries of the world are deeply dependent on undisturbed and free shipping trade. In this article, the author focuses on the issue of protecting neutral shipping. Naval war law and maritime neutrality are issues described by recognized legal frameworks that apply to international conflicts at sea. They do, however, have a number of deficiencies, which renders difficult the effective protection of neutral shipping from the negative impacts of war. One of the problems is the scope of the application of the maritime neutrality law. Another problem is the lack of the obligation of a neutral country to execute the necessary monitoring with the aim of preventing its citizens from cooperating with one or all of the parties to the conflict. Additionally, the warring parties will rarely be able to identify the real character of a cargo ship. The will in the international community to codify naval war law and maritime neutrality will be lacking in the near future.

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Authors and Affiliations

Andrzej Makowski
ORCID: ORCID

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