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Number of results: 9
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Abstract

The level of sales of a given good depends largely on the distribution network. An analysis of the distribution network allows companies to optimize business activity, which improves the efficiency and profitability of a company’s sales with an immediate effect on profit growth. The so-called spatial analysis is highly useful in this regard. The paper presents an analysis of the network of authorized dealers of the Polish Mining Group for the Opolskie Province. The analysis was done using GIS (SIP) tools. The purpose of the analysis was to present tools that could be used to verify an existing distribution network, to optimize it, or to create a new sales outlet. The prresented tools belong to GIS operations used to process data stored in Spatial Information System resources. These are so-called geoprocessing tools. The article contains several spatial analyses, which results in choosing the optimum location of the distribution point in terms of the defined criteria. The used tools include a spatial intersection and sum. Geocoding and the so-called cartodiagram were also used. The presented analysis can be performed for both the network of authorized retailers within a region, a city or an entire country. The presented tools provide the opportunity to specify the target consumers, areas where they are located and areas of potential consumer concentration. This allows the points of sale in areas with a high probability of finding new customers to be located, which enables the optimal location to be chosen, for example, in terms of access to roads, rail transport, locations of the right area and neighborhood. Spatial analysis tools will also enable the coal company to verify its already existing distribution network.

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Authors and Affiliations

Aurelia Rybak
Ewelina Włodarczyk
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Abstract

This article, as part of the “new historiography”, deals with the beginnings of modern research on interwar architecture in Poland. The author considers said starting point to be in the first edition of Adam Miłobędzki’s Outline of the History of Architecture in Poland (1963). Miłobędzki was one of the foremost scholars of architecture in Poland and his book was reprinted three times (1968, 1978, and 1988). Thanks to its modern synthesizing form, it occupied from the start a key position in the Polish literature on the subject, and to this day remains a model academic textbook. A strictly personal work, it used the most up-to-date knowledge of the history of Polish architecture at that time, and underlined Miłobędzki’s individualism and intellectual independence from the authorities. The “outline” was not constructed to be a denotative (unequivocal) collection of objects-facts symbols, but rather a connotative (equivocal/polysemous) text open to interpretations. It had, however, the features of a propaedeutic, using cumulative knowledge in an evolutionist manner and according to a phasic model. The history of architecture is narrated through the description of buildings chosen for their innovative role in history. In the system of historical linearity applied therein, the history of architecture breaks off at the beginning of the First World War, thus excluding the interwar period. Its absence was corrected by the addition of a short appendix to the second edition (1968), entitled “Conclusion. Architecture after the First World War”. According to Leśniakowska, the inclusion of the appendix was the result of influence by the neo-avant-garde movement in art and architecture, activated by a generation of modernist “resistance” to socialist realism (of which Miłobędzki was part), which appeared in the mid-1950s. Leśniakowska acknowledges the added “Conclusion” to be the founding text for the study of interwar architectural culture, and reveals its complex simultaneous synchro-diachronic connections, intersections, contexts and sociocodes. The author analyses the reasons why the Outline initially ended on the caesura of 1914; it was the result of a directive of post-war academic art history which stipulated a one hundred years distance from the subject of research. This ruled out movements from the mid-19th century and excluded contemporary culture from art historical studies as being more suitable for art criticism than history of art. It was not until the last edition (1988) that Miłobędzki shifted this caesura to around 1950, which could be explained by the influence of revisionist tendencies in the humanities after the Second World War. Among others, James S. Ackerman considered the separation of history and criticism as unnatural and harmful, leading to limitations and negative cognitive effects. Looking at this dispute from the perspective of the “new historiography”, so vital for shaping artistic/architectural historiography, Leśniakowska points out that the exclusion of the modern/contemporary art and architecture exposes the mechanism of submitting the studies on art to a system of authority and domination, which teaches the “correct” understanding of the past without the phenomena which could pollute it. The exclusion of the interwar period was therefore a “significant oversight”, a decision rooted in the symbolic order of knowledge-authority, a symptom of the problem of “using” art history by a suitably programmed new memory in accordance with the then doctrine of managing tradition. In the theories of text and of seeing (image as text; text as artefact) and in the system of representation, that which is omitted is part of the message, which, with the help of performative practices, provides knowledge about the author of the information. Hermeneutical reading of the Outline by Miłobędzki, and of his index of architectural values, allows us to see how architecture appears as that which is “visible”, and is filled with (politically desirable) meaning. In the index of values established by Miłobędzki, the work of modernist architects was sanctioned, showing not only (and not as much as) what but why there were various forms of modernism in Poland, and how they shaped the mosaic or patchwork landscape of the interwar architecture. The appendix to the Outline has the characteristics of a subjective “attendance list”, which by questioning the automatism and authoritarianism of the “war” caesuras, points out to a cluster of issues that in the 1960s and the contemporary methodological consciousness outlined the preliminarily image of architecture in Poland. They set out the future direction of research on the arts of the first half of the 20th century, which came to the fore with the “new historiography” and critical history of art/architecture with its inclusive democracy of the gaze.

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Authors and Affiliations

Marta Leśniakowska
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Abstract

A domestic hot water (DHW) system has been modernized in a multi-family house, located in the southeastern part of Poland, inhabited by 105 people. The existing heating system (2 gas boilers) was extended by a solar system consisting of 32 evacuated tube collectors with a heat pipe (the absorber area: 38.72 m2). On the basis of the system performance data, the ecological effect of the modernization, expressed in avoided CO2 emission, was estimated. The use of the solar thermal system allows CO2 emissions to be reduced up to 4.4 Mg annually. When analyzing the environmental effects of the application of the solar system, the production cycle of the most material-consuming components, namely: DHW storage tank and solar collectors, was taken into account. To further reduce CO2 emission, a photovoltaic installation (PV), supplying electric power to the pump-control system of the solar thermal system has been proposed. In the Matlab computing environment, based on the solar installation measurement data and the data of the total radiation intensity measurement, the area of photovoltaic panels and battery capacity has been optimized. It has been shown that the photovoltaic panel of approx. 1.8 m2 and 12 V battery capacity of approx. 21 Ah gives the greatest ecological effects in the form of the lowest CO2 emission. If a photovoltaic system was added it could reduce emissions by up to an additional 160 kg per year. The above calculations take also emissions resulting from the production of PV panels and batteries into account.

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Authors and Affiliations

Piotr Olczak
ORCID: ORCID
Małgorzata Olek
Dominik Kryzia
ORCID: ORCID
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Abstract

As the adoption of the Hungarian simplified naturalisation scheme raised much tension both in the neighbouring countries of Hungary and in the main host countries of EU citizens, this paper summarises the nature of such reactions and the most frequent fears that EU states expressed. The main aim of the study is to show what effects a country’s modification of its citizenship rules may have on the situations of other EU member-states and European Union citizens. The article also raises one practical aspect of the situation that evolved as a result of the answer by Slovakia to the Hungarian modifications – namely the ex lege withdrawal of Slovakian citizenship if a person acquires a new one from another country. It introduces in detail the free-movement aspects of ethnic Hungarians losing their Slovakian citizenship, while not leaving their homeland in Slovakia, arguing that people in such a situation may rightfully and immediately be eligible for permanent residence rights, which would provide them with a higher level of protection.

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Authors and Affiliations

Ágnes Töttős
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Abstract

The results of a research into the scale and consequences of the degradation of aquatic ecosystems in Ukrainian Polesie have been detected in article, and the areas of increased anthropogenic pressure have been identified which greatly affect the condition and number of aquatic macrophytes. The biodiversity of sites with different anthropogenic load was evaluated using the biodiversity criteria. In the research, the structural and functional features of macrophytic species diversity within Teteriv River ecological corridor as a typical river landscape of Ukrainian Polesie were determined and described, the floristic composition was determined. Within the ecological zones, the number of species and their projective coverage in areas with different anthropogenic pressures within Teteriv River ecological corridor were determined. The basic criteria for the implementation of deferred biomonitoring based on the analysis of the dynamics of the spe-cies composition of the phytocoenoses of Teteriv River ecological corridor on the indicators of ecological stability and plasticity using the species-specific criteria, are: Margalef species richness index, Sørensen–Dice index, Shannon diversity index, Simpson’s index, and Pielou’s evenness index. Based on the results, correlation dependencies have been constructed, which will allow to obtain data on the stability of the development of aquatic ecosystems according to the data of species surveys. Interconnections between biodiversity indicators and indicators of surface water quality within the Ukrainian Polesie were found; they are the fundamental component of a long-term monitoring of the stability in the development of aquatic phytocenoses.

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Authors and Affiliations

Tetiana P. Fedonyuk
Roman H. Fedoniuk
Anastasiia A. Zymaroieva
Viktor M. Pazych
Ella O. Aristarkhova
ORCID: ORCID
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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the height of the main septum (MS) in the sphenoid sinuses and its type, depending on the percentage prevalence of its tissue composition (osseous and membranous) in the adult population.
M a t e r i a l s a n d M e t h o d s: A retrospective analysis of 296 computed tomography (CT) scans (147 females, 149 males) of the paranasal sinuses was conducted. The patients did not present any pathology in the sphenoid sinuses. The CT scans of the paranasal sinuses were carried out with a spiral CT scanner (Siemens Somatom Sensation 16) in a standard procedure, in the option Siemens CARE Dose 4D. No contrast medium was used. Having obtained the transversal planes, a secondary reconstruction tool (multiplans reconstruction — MPR) was used in furtherance of gleaning sagittal and frontal planes.
R e s u l t s: In all cases, the height of the MS was measured by using a straight line running parallel to the course of the septum (when the MS was regarded as straight) or curved (when the MS was regarded as irregularly shaped). The average height of the MS was 2.1 ± 0.41 cm in the whole research group. Completely osseous MS was found in 32.77% of the patients. In 63.85% of them, the MS was partially membranous. The rarest was the MS which was not even partially ossified —a membranous type, that was observed in 3.38% of the patients.
C o n c l u s i o n s: Variant anatomy of the paranasal sinuses may lead to complications encountered during a surgery, hence a CT scan is advised before the planned treatment.

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Authors and Affiliations

Joanna Jaworek-Troć
1 2
Michał Zarzecki
1
Izabela Zamojska
1
Robert Chrzan
2
Anna Curlej- Wądrzyk
3
Joe Iwanaga
4
Jerzy Walocha
1
Andrzej Urbanik
2

  1. Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
  2. Department of Radiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
  3. Department of Integrated Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
  4. Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, USA
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Abstract

The investigation described herein discusses the morpho-anatomical characteristics of xylem parenchyma cells of European ash stems undergoing heartwood formation. The research material comprised of cross and radial sections of wood obtained from stems at breast height of 91-year-old ash trees, half of which had visible ash dieback symptoms. The radial section of the wood samples was stained with acetocarmine to detect nuclei and with I2KI solution to observe starch grains in parenchyma cells, both of radial and axial systems. Additionally, microscopic slides were stained with Alcianblue Safranin-O, and fluorescence microscopy was applied to detect lignified cell walls. The color of sapwood and heartwood distinctly differed – heartwood extracts were detected in approx. 47 rings. Most of the parenchyma cells had nuclei present in both wood zones. Also starch grains were detected in the majority of the tree rings of the researched samples. All of the xylem parenchyma cell walls of axial and radial systems were lignified. The research revealed that lignification, parenchyma cells death and the release of heartwood extracts are processes remote in time and space. Furthermore, parenchyma cell walls lignification did not figure as a sign of the upcoming parenchyma cells death. Based on the current research, ash dieback disease might slightly impact the development paths of parenchyma cells. Compared with scores reported for other trees, European ash parenchyma cells longevity is indeed remarkable.
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Authors and Affiliations

Anna Bieniasz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mirela Tulik
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Forest Botany, Institute of Forest Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska Str. 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

Materials used in this work were collected during BIOM ASS - SIBEX project in the Drake Passage and the Bransfield Strait (1983/1984) in three water layers: 0 - 100 m, 100 — 300 m and 300—500 m. Four species of Chaetognatha were found: Eukrohnia hamata and Sagitta gazellae in both water regions; Sagitta planctonis occurred mainly in the Drake Passage whereas Sagitta marri was noted in the Bransfield Strait and adjacent parts of the Bellingshausen and Scotia seas. Chaetognatha were most numerous in the Drake Passage and generally in the layer 100 — 300 m. Vertical distribution of Chaetognatha was clearly influenced hydrological conditions.

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Authors and Affiliations

Luiza Bielecka
Maria I. Żmijewska
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Abstract

A high content of fluorine was found in ornithogenic soils around penguin rookeries on King George Island. South Shetland Islands. Fluorine is inherent in 0.11% in krill (Euphausia superba). eaten by penguins. Fluorine content in penguins excreta increased approximately to 0.43%. and after decomposition and leaching to 1.03%. The concentration grew during mineralization of organic matter in guano (up to 2.2%). In a surface layer of guano fluorine occurred in apatite. A phosphatization was noted in a subsurface zone as the result of a reaction between guano leachates and weathered volcanic rocks. In the upper part of this zone near the large rookeries a fluorine occurred in minyulite (aluminium phosphate containing potassium and fluorine) and fluorine content here reached 3.5%. Sometimes fluorine was also bound with amorphous aluminium phosphate (up. to 2.0%). formed as a result of incongruently dissolving of minyulite in pure water.

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Authors and Affiliations

Andrzej Tatur

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