Machining with tool that have cutting edge radius provides components with high fatigue strength, microhardness of a large surface layer and plastic deformation. Finite element simulations of the cutting process give a better knowledge of the chip generation phenomenon, heat generation in the machining area, stress and temperature field results. This study emphasizes the true importance of the mathematical model that underlies the shape of the tool in the pre-processing steps of finite element analysis. The argument is that its achievement and definition depend on the network difficulty. This research purpose is to perform simulations series of orthogonal machining with different radius and depth of cut. In this way, conclusions on the impact of these variations on the whole cutting process were drawn. The finite element application used is Deform 2D, the Lagrange incremental method and the Johnson-Cook material model. The temperature distribution, stress distribution, von Mises stress distribution, effects on specific tool pressure and wear, and fluctuations in the cutting resistance of the tool tip and C45 workpiece were analyzed.

Asthma is one of the most common non-infectious respiratory diseases in horses. Ultrasound examination is a widely available non-invasive additional diagnostic tool. To date, there are no studies focusing on ultrasonographic findings in horses with asthma. The aim of this study was to analyse the prevalence and severity of ultrasound lesions in lung tissue in horses with asthma. Lung ultrasonography was carried out on six healthy horses (controls) and 12 horses with asthma (six with mild and six with severe asthma). The sonographic changes in three lung sections were assessed using a scoring system. The most common changes present in all the animals were comet- tail artefacts. More advanced lesions were present in horses with severe asthma. Statistically significant differences in the overall average intensity of the ultrasound changes were seen between the controls and the study group and between the horses with mild and severe asthma. The lesions were usually located in the caudal lung regions, but they were also present in other areas as the disease progressed. Ultrasonography is a useful additional diagnostic tool enabling an assessment of the stage of the asthma progression. It is a very sensitive technique that visualizes minor lesions in the lung tissue even in clinically healthy animals. Due to its low specificity, it cannot replace endoscopy and the bronchoalveolar lavage in horses with asthma.