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Abstract

The likelihood nr phosphorus release from lake bottom sediments inio bulk water as a result or changes in the physicochcmical conditions in the lake has been analyzed by the method or sequential extraction proposed by Tessier et al. The procedure developed for estimation of the threat to waler ecosystems posed by heavy metals accumulated in the bottom sediments, can be successfully applied in estimation of the release or other substances, including biogenie ones, as the subsequent states of extraction simulate the abioric conditions and processes that can naturally take place in the near-bottom water layer and in the bottom sediment.
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Authors and Affiliations

Tadeusz Sobczyński
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Abstract

The suitability of a new wireless smart farming system for controlling irrigation and fertilization of horticultural plants was assessed in the study. The system (name: AGREUS®) includes sensors (soil moisture, salinity, weather data), executive modules (valve modules), and an application available on the web portal (accessed through computers and mobile devices). The studies were performed under laboratory and field conditions. Laboratory tests included appraisal of the precision of soil moisture and salinity measurements carried out with the soil probe (comparison with the results obtained by laboratory methods). Operational tests were conducted in field trials. In these trials, assessment of the possibility of practical control of irrigation and monitoring soil salinity was performed in an apple orchard. The conducted analyses have shown the usefulness of the system, not only for automatic control of irrigation but also for making decisions about the necessity to fertilize plants. The system enables continuous monitoring of changes in soil moisture and salinity, including the migration of minerals across the soil profile (using a probe with several measuring elements) as a result of the applied irrigation or rainfall. The system allows for automatic application of irrigation or fertigation depending on the adopted soil moisture and salinity thresholds. However, the tests showed that a salinity index calculated by the system does not directly correspond to the salinity values determined by laboratory methods. For this reason individual interpretation and determination of optimal ranges for plants is required.
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Authors and Affiliations

Waldemar Treder
1
ORCID: ORCID
Krzysztof Klamkowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Anna Tryngiel-Gać
1
ORCID: ORCID
Katarzyna Wójcik
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. The National Institute of Horticultural Research, Konstytucji 3 Maja 1/3, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland
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Abstract

A statistical approach was conducted to investigate effect of independent factors of the mixing time compactability and bentonite percentage on dependent variables of permeability, compression and tensile strength of sand mould properties. Using statistical method save time in estimating the dependent variables that affect the moulding properties of green sand and the optimal levels of each factor that produce the desired results.
The results yielded indicate that there are variations in the effects of these factors and their interactions on different properties of green sand. The outcomes obtained a range of permeability values, with the highest and lowest numbers being 125 and 84. The sand exhibited high values of tensile and compressive strength measuring at 0.33N/cm2 and 17.67N/cm2. Conversely it demonstrated low levels of tensile and compressive strength reaching 0.14N/cm2 and 9.32N/cm2.
These results suggest that the moulding factors and their interactions have an important role in determining properties of the green sand. ANOVA was used to assess effect of various factors on different properties of the green sand. The results obtained suggest that compactability factor play a significant effect on permeability, the mixing time or bentonite factor has a significant effect on the compressive strength and mixing time or compactability factor has a significant impact on the tensile strength with a significance level lower than 5%. It is found that neither the mixing time nor the amount of bentonite used in the green sand mix has a significant impact on its permeability. Compactability of the green sand does not has a significant effect on the compressive strength. Bentonite used in green sand mix does not have a significant impact on its tensile strength.
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Bibliography

[1] Chate, M.G.R. Patel, M.G.C. Parappagoudar, M.B. & Deshpande, A.S. (2017). Modeling and optimization of Phenol Formaldehyde Resin sand mould system. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 17(2), 162-170. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/afe-2017-0069.
[2] Saikaew, C. & Wiengwiset, S. (2012).Optimization of molding sand composition for quality improvement of iron castings. Applied Clay Science. 67-68, 26-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2012.07.005.
[3] Beňo, J. Poręba, M. & Bajer, T. (2021). Application of non-silica sands for high quality castings. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 66(1), 25-30. DOI: 10.24425/amm.2021.134754.
[4] Abdulamer, D. & Kadauw, A. (2019). Development of mathematical relationships for calculating material-dependent flowability of green molding sand. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance. 28(7), 3994-4001. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-019-04089-w.
[5] Rundman, K.B. (2000). Metal casting. Department of Material Science and Engineering Michigan Technology University.
[6] Anwar, N., Sappinen, T., Jalava, K., & Orkas, J, (2021). Comparative experimental study of sand and binder for flowability and casting mold quality. Advanced Powder Technology. 32(6), 1902-1910, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apt.2021.03.040.
[7] Ihom, A.P., Olubajo, O.O. (2002). Investigation of bende ameki clay foundry properties and its suitability as a binder for sand casting, NMS proceedings 19th AGM.
[8] Ihom, A.P. Yaro, S.A. & Aigbodion, V.S. (2006). Application of multiple regression - model to the study of foundry clay bonded sand mixtures. JICCOTECH. 2, 161-168.
[9] Abdulamer, D. (2021). Investigation of flowability of the green sand mould by remote control of portable flowability sensor. Archives of Materials Science and Engineering. 112(2), 70-76, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.6289.
[10] Abdulamer, D. & Kadauw, A. (2021). Simulation of the moulding process of bentonite-bonded green sand, Archives of Foundry Engineering. 21(1), 67-73. DOI 10.24425/afe.2021.136080.
[11] Jain, R.K. (2009). Production Technology. Delhi: Khana Publishers.
[12] Ihom, A.P. (2012). Foundry Raw Materials for Sand Casting and Testing Procedures. Nigeria: A2P2 Transcendent Publishers.
[13] Ihom, A.P., Agunsoye, J., Anbua, E.E. & Bam, A. (2009). The use of statistical approach for modeling and studying the effect of ramming on the mould parameters of Yola natural sand. Nigerian Journal of Engineering. 16(1), 186-192.
[14] Kothari, C.R., Garg, G. (2014). Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques. New Delhi: New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers.
[15] Fatoba, O.S., Adesina, O.S., Farotade, G.A. & Adediran, A.A. (2017). Modelling and optimization of laser alloyed AISI 422 stainless steel using taguchi approach and response surface model (RSM). Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology, 23(3), 1-19. DOI: 10.9734/CJAST/2017/24512.
[16] Abdulamer, D. (2023). Impact of the different moulding parameters on properties of the green sand mould. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 23(2), 5-9. DOI: 10.24425/afe.2023.144288

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Authors and Affiliations

Dheya Abdulamer
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University of Technology, Iraq
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Abstract

Finite Element Method FEM via commercially available software has been used for numerical simulation of the compaction process of bentonite-bonded sand mould. The mathematical model of soil plasticity which involved Drucker-Prager model match with Mohr-Coulomb model was selected. The individual parameters which required for the simulation process were determined through direct shear test based on the variation of sand compactability. The novelty of this research work is that the individual micro-mechanical parameters were adopted depend on its directly proportional to the change of sand density during the compaction process. Boundary conditions of the applied load, roller and fixed constraint were specified. An extremely coarse mesh was used and the solution by time-dependent study was done for investigation of material-dependent behaviour of green sand during the compaction process. The research implemented also simulation of the desired points in sand mould to predict behaviour of moulding process, and prevent failure of the sand mould. Distance-dependent displacement and distance-dependent pressure have been determined to investigate the effective moulding parameters without spent further energy and cost for obtaining green sand mould. The obtained numerical results of the sand displacement show good agreement with the practical results.
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Bibliography

[1] Naeimi, K., Baradaran, H., Ahmadi, R. & Shekari, M. (2015). Study and simulation of the effective factors on soil compaction by tractors wheels using the finite element method. Journal of Computational Applied Mechanics. 46(2), 107-115. DOI: 10.22059/jcamech.2015.55093.
[2] Soane, B. (1990). The role of organic matter in soil compatibility: A review of some practical aspects. Soil & Tillage Research. 16(1-2), 179-201. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.1016/0167-1987(90)90029-D.
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[5] Wenzhen, L. & Junjiao, W. (2007). Numerical Simulation of Compacting Process of Green Sand Molding Based on Sand Filling. Materials Science Forum. 561-565, 879-1882. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.561-565.1879.
[6] Hovad, E., Larsen, P., Walther, J., Thorborg, J. & Hattel,. J.H. (2015). Flow Dynamics of green sand in the DISAMATIC moulding process using Discrete element method (DEM). IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering. 84(1) 1-8. DOI: 10.1088/1757-899X/84/1/012023.
[7] Hua, L., Junjiao, W., Tianyou, H. & Hiroyasu, M. (2011). A new numerical simulation model for high pressure squeezing moulding. China foundry. 8(1) 25-29. ID: 1672-6421(2011)01-025-05.
[8] Schijndel, van, A.W.M.(2007). Integrated heat air and moisture modeling and simulation. Doctoral dissertation, Eindhoven University of Technology. https://doi.org/ 10.6100/IR622370.
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[11] Inoue, Y., Motoyama, Y., Takahashi, H., Shinji, K. & Yoshida, M. (2013). Effect of sand mold models on the simulated mold restraint force and the contraction of the casting during cooling in green sand molds. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 213(7), 1157-1165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2013.01.011.
[12] Kadauw, A. (2006). Mathematical modeling of the moulding material processes (in German). Doctoral dissertation, TU- Bergakademie Freiberg.
[13] Lang, H.-J., Huder, J., Amann, P., Puzrin, A.M. (1996). Soil mechanics and foundation (in German). Springer, Berlin Heidelberg.
[14] Suroso, P., Samang, L., Tjaronge, W. & Muhammad Ramli. (2016). Estimates of Elasticity and Compressive Strenght in Soil Cement Mixed With Ijuk-Aren, International Journal of Innovative Research in Advanced Engineering (IJIRAE), 3(4), 21-26.
[15] Nujid, M.M. & Taha, M.R. (2016). Soil Plasticity Model for Analysis of Collapse Load on Layers Soil. EDP Sciences, MATEC Web of Conferences. 47(03020) 1-6. DOI: 10.1051/matecconf/ 20164703020.
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[17] Bast, J., Kadauw, A. (2004). 3D-Numerical Simulation of Squeeze Moulding with the Finite element Method. Proceeding of 66th World Foundry Congress Istanbul, 247 - 258.
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Authors and Affiliations

Dheya Abdulamer
ORCID: ORCID
A. Kadauw
1 2

  1. IMKF. TU - Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany
  2. Salahddin University-Erbil, Iraq
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Abstract

Cutaneous adverse food reaction (CAFR) is a common disease, affecting about 1-2% of dogs and cats. Diagnosis of the CAFR is made through elimination diet coupled with diet challenge, as methods like skin tests, patch tests, basophil degranulation tests and assessment of IgG and IgE serum levels are not sensitive enough. A partially hydrolysed salmon and pea hypoallergenic diet was evaluated in the diagnosis and treatment of CAFR in dogs and cats.
The diet was used in the treatment of 13 dogs and 12 cats for 10 weeks. The Pruritus Visual Analog Scale (PVAS; dogs and cats), Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index (CADESI-04; dogs) and the Scoring Feline Allergic Dermatitis (SCORFAD; cats) were used for effectiveness evaluation.
In dogs, a significant decrease was reported in both CADESI-04 (from 17.3±7.5 to 10.15±7.4; p=0.028) and PVAS (from 7±1.3 to 4.76±1.8; p=0.003) after four weeks of treatment. Also in cats, both the PVAS (from 6.75±1.8 to 4±2.3; p=0.006) and SCORFAD (from 4.16±1.9 to 2.58±1.2; p=0.029) decreased significantly after four weeks. After eight weeks, a significant improvement was observed in almost all the animals. Evaluated diet was useful in the treatment of the CAFR in dogs and cats.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

M.P. Szczepanik
1
M. Gołyński
2
P. Wilkołek
1
G. Kalisz
3

  1. Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Veterinary Dermatology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, ul. Gleboka 30, 20-612 Lublin, Poland
  2. Department of Diagnostics and Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Medicine Institute, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, ul. Gagarina 7, 87-100 Torun, Poland
  3. Independent Unit of Spectroscopy and Chemical Imaging, Faculty of Biomedicine, Medical University of Lublin, ul. W. Chodzki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
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Abstract

The deepening and exploration of the loess-palaeosol section at the foot of the Kopasz Hill at Bodrogkeresztúr have been carried out to expand the existing knowledge of the Carpathian foothill palaeoenvironmental factors and their impact. The study deals with particle size analysis, organic matter and carbonate content. For the presentation of age-depth models, the OSL dates of Bodrogkeresztúr (BKT) and the 14C dates of Bodrogkeresztúr, brickyard 1 were used-, and the diagrams of the Accumulation Rates (AR) derived from them. These were compared with Mass Accumulation Rate (MAR) calculations based on OSL and 14C data from BKT and 14C data from Bodrogkeresztúr, brickyard 1. It became evident that there is a significant difference between the two sections, which may be due to the upland position, the overlap, or the wind tunnel effect. Sedimentological studies revealed coarser grain composition, however, the nearly complete absence of coarser sand fraction is also noticeable in the case of BKT. Also, the entire section is characterized by increased carbonate content due to post-sedimentation processes, recarbonization and leaching. The AR and MAR results show the difference between the suitability of different chronometric methods, indicating that the top of both sections may have been redeposited or eroded.
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Authors and Affiliations

László Makó
1 2
Dávid Molnár
1 2
Péter Cseh
1 2
Pál Sümegi
1 2

  1. Department of Geology and Paleontology, University of Szeged, H-6722 Szeged, Egyetem u. 2-6, Hungary
  2. University of Szeged, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Institute of Geography and Earth Sciences, Long Environmental Changes research team, H-6722 Szeged, Egyetem u. 2-6, Hungary
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Abstract

The distribution of perturbations of pressure and velocity in a rectangular resonator is considered. A resonator contains a gas where thermodynamic processes take place, such as exothermic chemical reaction or excitation of vibrational degrees of a molecule’s freedom. These processes make the gas acoustically active under some conditions. We conclude that the incident and reflected compounds of a sound beam do not interact in the leading order in the case of the periodic sound with zero mean pressure including waveforms with discontinuities. The acoustic field before and after forming of discontinuities is described. The acoustic heating or cooling in a resonator is discussed.
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Authors and Affiliations

Anna Perelomova

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