The geodetic law defines fundamentals of the prospective land information system. Construction of an information system may be based upon difTerent designing assumptions. The purpose of this article is to outline the problems connected with the construction of information systems and presentation of the basis of land information systems designing using object bases. The article presents the elementary characteristics of systems currently in use and the advantages of object solutions. The suggested application of object bases to the construction of land information systems will be backed up by simple examples connected with the construction of an object model.

We are familiar with the grammar and logic of relational predicates in predicate calculus, chiefly as transmitted through Whitehead and Russell. In natural languages however, relations are frequently expressed using what Peirce called relatives, that is, expressions like brother, gift, head, effect, successor, which require completion by one or more definite terms to yield general names or terms. Peirce developed a logic of such relatives which influenced Schröder and Tarski. Later, Leśniewski used relative terms such as part, overlapper, class etc. to formulate his mereology, rather than the predicates and operators subsequently and more standardly used. In this paper I con-sider aspects of the grammar and logic of such relative terms, particularly in regard to several areas of general logico-philosophical interest: cardinality; functions; abstrac-tion; the order problem of relations; and Russell’s multiple relation theory of belief and judgment.

Traditional methods of restoring historical buildings typically consisted in replacing the damaged elements or additional steel and reinforced concrete elements were inserted into the old structure. They significantly interfered with the statics and aesthetics of buildings. Current composite materials used in restoration damage the old structure only slightly and can usually be removed in the future. Due to these advantages they comply with the conservation lawin force. This paper presents a few examples of practical applications of composites the authors have designed for structural reinforcement and protection of historical buildings. Repairs of columns, vaults, masonry walls, stone facades and wooden beams with the use of steel screw-shaped bars and high strength fibres in epoxy resin or cement matrix were presented. Problems of ensuring the proper bond of the composite to the old substrate and insufficient coverage of the fibers with the cement matrix were considered. Although the threats and structural damages which occur in most historical buildings tend to be similar, individual design solutions are required in each case. Historical investigation and detailed measurement of geometry and deflections have to be made before choosing the appropriate method of reinforcing the old structure. It can be predicted that prestressing composite materials used for historical structures will also be applied.

Thermodynamic equilibrium-based models of gasification process are relatively simple and widely used to predict producer gas characteristics in performance studies of energy conversion plants. However, if an unconstrained calculation of equilibrium is performed, the estimations of product gas yield and heating value are too optimistic. Therefore, reasonable assumptions have to be made in order to correct the results. This paper proposes a model of the process that can be used in case of deficiency of information and unavailability of experimental data. The model is based on free energy minimization, material and energy balances of a single zone reactor. The constraint quasi-equilibrium calculations are made using approximated amounts of non-equilibrium products, i.e. solid char, tar, CH4 and C2H4. The yields of these products are attributed to fuel characteristics and estimated using experimental results published in the literature. A genetic algorithm optimization technique is applied to find unknown parameters of the model that lead to the best match between modelled and experimental characteristics of the product gas. Finally, generic correlations are proposed and quality of modelling results is assessed in the aspect of its usefulness for performance studies of power generation plants.

Artykuł przedstawia kulisy powstania tygodnika „Wola Ludu”, organu naczelnego PSL „Piast” wydawanego w Warszawie w latach 1921–1931. Założenie pisma wynikało z walk frakcyjnych wewnątrz stronnictwa między grupami Macieja Rataja, Jana Dąbskiego oraz Wincentego Witosa. Chociaż periodyk stanowił jedno z głównych pism PSL „Piast”, dotychczas nie doczekał się szczegółowych badań naukowych. W ramach pisania artykułu została przeprowadzona szeroka kwerenda źródłowa oparta głownie na pamiętnikach i wspomnie-niach działaczy ludowych, a także analiza prasoznawcza wraz z zaprezentowaniem periodyku na tle innych organów prasowych PSL „Piast”.