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Number of results: 11
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Abstract

The uncertainty in the supply of crude oil, increasing the number of vehicles and rising air pollution, especially in urban areas, has prompted us to look for alternative fuels. It is understood that using Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) in IC engines could be a mid-term solution to these problems. It is well established that CNG has better combustion characteristics and low emissions compared to conventional gasoline and diesel fuel. In the present study, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the engine performance and exhaust emissions using various percentages of CNG in dual fuel mode. CNG was mixed in the intake manifold’s air stream, and diesel was injected after the compression of the CNG air mixture. This paper presents experimental results of 40%,60%, and 80% CNG in the air stream. Engine performance and emissions are presented and discussed at a speed of 1200 rpm to 1500 rpm in steps of 50 rpm. The results of the experiments showed that adding CNG to diesel engines in dual-fuel combustion significantly impacted performance and emissions. Compared to single diesel fuel combustion, dual fuel combustion increases brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) at all CNG energy shares and engine speeds. Carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions were increased, while nitrogen oxide (NOX) and smoke opacity were decreased in dual fuel combustion compared to single diesel fuel.
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Bibliography

  1. Bari, S. & Hossain, S.N. (2019). Performance of a diesel engine run on diesel and natural gas in dual-fuel mode of operation. Energy Procedia, 160, pp. 215–222. DOI:10.1016/j.egypro.2019.02.139
  2. Gharehghani, A., Hosseini, R., Mirsalim, M., Jazayeri, S.A. & Yusaf, T. (2015). An experimental study on reactivity-controlled compression ignition engine fueled with biodiesel/natural gas. Energy, 89, pp. 558–567. DOI:10.1016/j.energy.2015.06.014
  3. Jamrozik, A., Tutak, W. & Grab-Rogaliński, K. (2019). An experimental study on the performance and emission of the diesel/CNG dual-fuel combustion mode in a stationary CI engine. Energies, 12(20), 3857. DOI:10.3390/en12203857
  4. Johnson, D.R., Heltzel, R., Nix, A.C., Clark, N. & Darzi, M.(2017). Greenhouse gas emissions and fuel efficiency of in-use high horsepower diesel, dual fuel, and natural gas engines for unconventional well development. Applied energy, 206, pp. 739–750. DOI:10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.08.234
  5. Kalghatgi, G.T. (2014). The outlook for fuels for internal combustion engines. International Journal of Engine Research, 15(4), pp. 383–398. DOI:10.1177/1468087414526189
  6. Lee, S., Kim, C., Lee, S., Lee, J. & Kim, J. (2020). Diesel injector nozzle optimization for high CNG substitution in a dual-fuel heavy-duty diesel engine. Fuel, 262, 116607. DOI:10.1016/j. fuel.2019.116607
  7. McTaggart-Cowan, G.P., Jones, H.L., Rogak, S.N., Bushe, W.K., Hill, P.G. & Munshi, S.R. (2005, January). The effects of high-pressure injection on a compression-ignition, direct injection of natural gas engine. In Internal combustion engine division fall technical conference, Vol. 47365, pp. 161–173. DOI:10.1115/ICEF2005-1213
  8. Pathak, S.K., Nayyar, A. & Goel, V. (2021). Optimization of EGR effects on performance and emission parameters of a dual fuel (Diesel+ CNG) CI engine: An experimental investigation. Fuel, 291, 120183. DOI:10.1016/j.fuel.2021.120183
  9. Rai, A.A., Bailkeri, N.K. & BR, S.R. (2021). Effect of injection timings on performance and emission Characteristics of CNG diesel dual fuel engine. Materials Today: Proceedings, 46, pp. 2758–2763. DOI:10.1016/j.matpr.2021.02.509
  10. Shim, E., Park, H. & Bae, C. (2018). Intake air strategy for low HC and CO emissions in dual-fuel (CNG-diesel) premixed charge compression ignition engine. Applied energy, 225, pp. 1068–1077. DOI:10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.05.060
  11. Stelmasiak, Z., Larisch, J., Pielecha, J. & Pietras, D. (2017). Particulate matter emission from dual fuel diesel engine fuelled with natural gas. Polish Maritime Research. DOI:10.1515/pomr-2017-0055
  12. Stelmasiak, Z., Larisch, J. & Pietras, D. (2017). Issues related to naturally aspirated and supercharged CI engines fueled with diesel oil and CNG gas. Combustion Engines, 56. DOI:10.19206/ CE-2017-205
  13. Tripathi, G., Sharma, P. & Dhar, A. (2020). Effect of methane augmentations on engine performance and emissions. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 59(1), pp. 429–439. DOI:10.1016/j. aej.2020.01.012
  14. Wang, Z., Zhang, F., Xia, Y., Wang, D., Xu, Y. & Du, G. (2021). Combustion phase of a diesel/natural gas dual fuel engine under various pilot diesel injection timings. Fuel, 289, 119869. DOI:10.1016/j.fuel.2020.119869
  15. Wei, L. & Geng, P. (2016). A review on natural gas/diesel dual fuel combustion, emissions and performance. Fuel Processing Technology, 142, pp. 264–278. DOI:10.1016/j. fuproc.2015.09.018
  16. Wyrwa, A. (2010). Towards an integrated assessment of environmental and human health impact of the energy sector in Poland. Archives of Environmental Protection, 36(1) pp. 41–48.
  17. Yousefi, A., Guo, H. & Birouk, M. (2018). Effect of swirl ratio on NG/diesel dual-fuel combustion at low to high engine load conditions. Applied Energy, 229, pp. 375–388. DOI:10.1016/j. apenergy.2018.08.017
  18. Yousefi, A., Guo, H. & Birouk, M. (2019). Effect of diesel injection timing on the combustion of natural gas/diesel dual-fuel engine at low-high load and low-high speed conditions. Fuel, 235, pp. 838–846. DOI:10.1016/j.fuel.2018.08.064
  19. Zwierzchowski, R. & Różycka-Wrońska, E. (2021). Operational determinants of gaseous air pollutants emissions from coal-fired district heating sources. Archives of Environmental Protection, 47(3), pp. 108–119. DOI 10.24425/aep.2021.138469
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Authors and Affiliations

Neeraj Kumar
1
ORCID: ORCID
Bharat Bhushan Arora
ORCID: ORCID
Sagar Maji
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India
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Abstract

The analysis of ecological hazards on soil pollution by oil products has been provided in the impact zone of the railway. The results of oil product migration in soils in the area of influence on section Lviv–Khodoriv are given. To study this problem, a method was used to take soil samples according to the standard DSTU ISO 10381-4: 2005. To determine the content of petroleum products used the method MVV No. 081/12-0116-03 Pochvy. Based on the results of the study it was found that contamination with petroleum products in the study area exceeds the norm in the area of influence of the railway at a distance of 5 to –50 m on average 3.5 times. It is proposed to make management decisions to prevent violations of the sanitary protection zone of the railway and the placement of agricultural plots on it. For rehabilitation of contaminated soils, it is advisable to use a natural sorbent – glauconite, which is widespread in the bowels of Ukraine. The adsorption capacity of glauconite relative to diesel fuel has been experimentally established. According to our experiments it is proved the high efficiency of the proposed sorbent, which is 90%. Therefore, in the future it is necessary to periodically monitor the condition of the soil in the area to prevent pollution. This study proves that this practice is necessary.
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Authors and Affiliations

Oksana Chayka
1
ORCID: ORCID
Igor Petrushka
1
ORCID: ORCID
Maria Ruda
1
ORCID: ORCID
Nadiya Paranyak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Olena Matskiv
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Lviv National Polytechnic University, Faculty of Ecological Safety and Environmental Protection, Stepana Bandery St, 12, Lviv, Lviv Oblast, 79000, Ukraine
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Abstract

The article discusses the spatial development of non-urban areas based on the use of local peat resources. Creating a methodology for the advanced spatial development of non-urban areas has peat resources based on multi- criteria optimisation of production and social infrastructures. The industrial and social infrastructure of the non-urban areas having reserves of peat, associated mineral, and industrial raw materials. Regularities, trends, and features of formation and functioning of the productive and social infrastructure of the natural and man-made complex in the development of peat reserves, associated mineral, and industrial raw materials. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to conduct interdisciplinary research and solve the following specific objectives: (1) the scientific justification of new technological processes and equipment for peat and mineral raw materials processing for obtaining new composite materials for multiple purposes; (2) the feature analysis of the use of local peat resources to provide the development of non-urban areas based on a set of scientific approaches; (3) the development of the methodology for project management of the natural and man-made complex to ensure multi-criteria optimisation of productive and social infrastructure. The example of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug – Yugra development selected results of confronting the existing “big grand” and national challenges through the mechanisms of rational use of local peat resources non-urban areas are illustrated. The results indicated that by 2030 there would be a 3.8-fold increase in mineral extraction and a 5.9-fold increase in processing industries.
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Authors and Affiliations

Alexander N. Semin
1
ORCID: ORCID
Nikolay V. Grevtsev
2
ORCID: ORCID
Natalya Yu. Antoninova
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Russian Academy of Sciences, Ural State Mining University, Faculty of Economics, Department of Strategic and Industrial Management, ul. Kuybysheva, 30, Yekaterinburg, Sverdlovsk Oblast, 620144, Russia
  2. Ural State Mining University, Faculty of Engineering and Economics, Department of Environmental Engineering and Water Management, Yekaterinburg, Russia
  3. Institute of Mining, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Ecology of Mining, Yekaterinburg, Russia
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Abstract

Essential oils from plants used in traditional medicine are known as a rich source of chemically diverse compounds with specific biological activities. Achillea millefolium essential oil (AEO) was screened for in vitro activity against Babesia canis. The AEO was obtained by hydrodistillation and analysed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). GC-MS revealed the presence of 47 compounds in the essential oil. Those present in the highest concentrations were chamazulene (34.45%), β-caryophyllene (8.93%), (E)-germacrene D (7.55%), patchoulene (7.27%), β-guaiene (4.62%), α-humulene (4.59%), santolina epoxide (4.41%), ethyl iso-allocholate (2.97%), aromadendrene (2.62%), and neoclovenoxid-alkohol (2.46%). AEO was found to be active in vitro against B. canis, with 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 0.06 mg/mL, as compared to imidocarb, with IC50 = 0.007 mg/mL. The study confirms that essential oil from A. millefolium has anti-babesial properties in vitro.
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Authors and Affiliations

L. Guz
1
J. Wawrzykowski
2
Ł. Adaszek
3

  1. Department of Fish Diseases and Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
  2. Department of Animal Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
  3. Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Głęboka 30, 20-612 Lublin, Poland
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Abstract

With the aid of eutectic modification treatment, the precipitation of coarse lamellar eutectic silicon can be suspended during the solidification of aluminum-silicon alloys, thereby the formation of fine-grained, fibrous eutectic Si can be promoted by the addition of small amounts of modifying elements, such as Sr, to the liquid alloy. The effectiveness of this technique is, however, highly dependent on many technological factors, and the degree of modification can be lowered during the various stages of melt preparation due to the oxidation of the Sr-content of the melt. During our research, we investigated the effect of rotary degassing melt treatments coupled with the addition of three different fluxes on the degree of modification of an Al-Si-Mg-Cu casting alloy. It was also studied, that whether additional Sr alloying made before and during the melt treatments can compensate the Sr fading with time. The degree of eutectic modification was characterized by thermal analysis (TA) and the microscopic investigation of TA specimens. It was found, that by using one of the three fluxes, and by adding Sr master alloy rods before the melt treatments, better modification levels could be achieved. It was also found that the measurement of Sr-concentration by optical emission spectroscopy alone cannot be used for controlling the level of eutectic modification.

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Authors and Affiliations

F. Vincze
M. Tokár
G. Fegyverneki
G. Gyarmati
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Abstract

The formation process of one of the most common casting defects, a shrinkage depression concerned to shrinkage cavity, was studied. The methodology, device and the experimental set up were developed to study the shrinkage cavity growth. The kinetics of vacuum formation in the cavity of the spherical casting of Al-Si-Mg alloy at its solidification in the sand-and-clay form was investigated. The data were analysed taking in mind the temperature variation in the centre of crystallizing casting. The causes of the shrinkage depression in castings were clarified. It was determined that atmospheric pressure leads to the retraction and curvature of metal layer on the surface of the casting with lower strength below which the shrinkage cavity is formed. To avoid such defects it was recommended to use the external or internal chills, feeders and other known technological methods. Deep shrinkage cavities inside the castings could be removed with an air flow through a thin tubular needle of austenitic steels for medical injections.
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Bibliography

[1] DSTU 9051:2020. Castings of cast iron and steel. Defects. Terms and definitions. Since 01.04.2021. Pg. 15. (in Ukrainian) http://ptima.kiev.ua/images/stories/Standart/IRONSTEEL/dstu19200-80.pdf
[2] Rowley, M.T. (2007). International Atlas of Casting Defects. American Foundry Society. ISBN: 978-0874330533.
[3] GOST 19200-80. Castings of cast iron and steel. Terms and definitions of defects. (1980). (in Russian).
[4] Atlas of foundry defects. (2004). 136 Summit avenue. Montvale, NJ 07645-1720. Institute of Foundry Casting. Technopark. Pg. 23.
[5] Reisa, A., Xub, Z., Tolb, R.V. & Netoc, R. (2012). Modelling feeding flow related shrinkage defects in aluminum castings. Journal of Manufacturing Processes. 14(1), 1-7. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmapro.2011.05.003
[6] Voronin, Y.F., Kamaev V.A. (2005). Atlas of foundry defects. Moscow: Mechanical Engineering. Pg. 327. (in Russian). https://www.twirpx.com/file/914318/
[7] Chokkalingam, B. & Mohamed Nazirudeen, S.S. (2009). Analysis of casting defect through defect diagnostic study approach. Journal of Engineering Annals of the Faculty of Engineering Hunedoara. 2, 209-212. ISSN 1584-2665
[8] Beeley, P. (2001). Foundry Technology. 719. Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann. ISBN 0750645679. https://www.academia.edu/4161769/foundry_technology_by_peter_beeley/
[9] Khrychikov, V.E., Semenov, O.D., Menyaylo, O.V., Shalevskaya, I.A., & Myanovskaya, Ya.V. (2021). Elimination of weights in artistic castings with different wall thickness (Removal of shrinkage depression in art castings with different wall thickness). Casting processes (Затвердіння сплавів). 4(146). 14-21. (in Ukrainian). https://plit-periodical.com.ua/en/arhiv/removal-shrinkage-depression-art-castings-different-wall-thickness
[10] GOST R ISO 9626-2020. (2021). Stainless steel needle pipes for the manufacture of medical devices. Requirements and test methods. Pg. 28. (in Russian).
[11] Dunphy, R.P., Akerlind, C.G. & Pellini, W.S. (1954). Solidification, feed characteristics of gray cast irons and nodular cast irons. Foundry. 82(6), 106-121.
[12] Rogelberg I.L, Beilin V.M. (1983). Alloys for thermocouples (handbook). Moscow: Metallurgy. 76-77. (in Russian) https://knizhen-pazar.net/products/books/597200-splav-dlya-termopar
[13] Leibenzon, V.O., Pilyushenko, V.L., Kondratenko, V.M., Khrychikov, V.E., Nedopyokin, F.V., Bilousov, V.V. Dmitriev, Yu.V. (2009). Hardening of metals and metal compositions. Kyiv: Scientific thought. 447. (in Ukrainian. https://nmetau.edu.ua/file/tverdinnya_metaliv_i_metalevih_kompozitsiy._pidruchnik.pdf
[14] Khrychikov, V.E., Semenov, O.D., Menyaylo, O.V. (2021). Application for the patent № a202101129. Ukraine. IPC (2021.01) B22D 27/13 (2006.01), B22D 25/00. Method of removing weights in castings with thickened parts of wall. (in Ukrainian). https://base.uipv.org/searchInvStat/showclaimdetails.php?IdClaim=336807&resId=1

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Authors and Affiliations

V. Khrychikov
1
ORCID: ORCID
O. Semenov
1
ORCID: ORCID
H. Meniailo
1
ORCID: ORCID
Y. Aftandiliants
2
ORCID: ORCID
S. Gnyloskurenko
2 3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Ukrainian State University of Science and Technologies, Ukraine
  2. National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Ukraine
  3. Physical and Technological Institute of Metals and Alloys, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Ukraine
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Abstract

In the light of the London Convention of 1989 concerning sea-rescue and salvage, the recovery of property lost at sea may be the subject of a salvage agreement, to the extent that the person deciding on the matter of salvage considers that those objects are threatened by some danger. The situation concerning salvage of property that has already sunk is quite different. Usually haste is not a factor here and the possibility exists of concluding an appropriate agreement. One of the main purposes for beginning work on the London Convention concerning Sea-rescue and Salvage - besides the need to create a willingness among salvagers to work to protect the natural environment - was a desire to expand the scope of maritime salvage. This aim was certainly achieved. In light of the decisions of this convention, almost any property may be the subject of salvage operations, including sunken property.
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Authors and Affiliations

Wojciech Adamczak
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Abstract

The 802.11ax standard final specification is expected in 2019, however first parameters are just released. The target of the new standard is four times improvement of the average throughput within the given area. This standard is dedicated for usage in dense environment such as stadiums, means of municipal communication, conference halls and others. The main target is to support many users at the same time with the single access point. The question arises if the new standard will have higher throughput then previous ones in the single user mode. The author calculated the maximal theoretical throughput of the 802.11ax standard and compared the results with the throughput of older 802.11 standards such as 802.11n and 802.11ac. The new he-wifi-network example included in the ns-3.27 release of the NS-3 simulator was used to simulate the throughput between the access point and the user terminal. The results indicate that in some conditions the 802.11ac standard has higher throughput than the new 802.11ax standard.

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Authors and Affiliations

Antoni Masiukiewicz
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Abstract

By the method of modern physical material science (optic microscopy scanning and transmission electron microscopy) the analysis of structural phase states, the morphology of the second phase inclusions and defect substructure of Al-Si alloy (silumin) of hypoeutectic composition, subjected to electron beam processing was done with the following parameters: energy density 25-35 J/cm2, beam length 150 μs, pulse number – 3, pulse repetition rate – 0.3 Hz, pressure of residual gas (argon) 0.02 Pa. The surface irradiation results in the melting of the surface layer, the dissolution of boundary inclusions, the stricture formation of high speed cellular crystallization of submicron sizes, the repeated precipitation of the second phase nanodimentional particles. With the increased distance from the irradiation surface the layer containing the second phase inclusions of quasi-equilibrium shape along with the crystallization cells was revealed. It is indicative of the processes of Al-Si alloy structure globalization on electron beam processing.

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Authors and Affiliations

S. Konovalov
V. Gromov
D. Zaguliyaev
Y. Ivanov
A. Semin
J. Rubannikova

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